Manganese.

Manganese is a common element.

It is found in water, soil, food.

It belongs to the most important of the necessary microelements, since it participates in many biochemical processes in the body: in the synthesis and exchange of neurotransmitters of the central nervous system, in the process of bone formation, in lipid peroxidation; in the exchange of insulin and lipids.

Manganese occupies a special place, participating in the formation and functioning of the following organs and corresponding systems: kidneys and pancreas, in the tissues of the brain and liver; in the blood, it binds to a special transport protein - globulin, with which it manifests its biological activity.

Manganese stimulates the processes of growth, hematopoiesis, wound healing, improves the functioning of the nervous system and brain; promotes the formation of connective tissues and the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, insulin and cholesterol; reduces asthmatic symptoms; prevents the formation of free radicals, their oxidation, and therefore damage to the integrity of cell membranes.

The main sex hormones (estrogens) enhance the biological activity of manganese. This element, along with other minerals and vitamins, is in close interaction and opposition. For example, the positive effect of manganese decreases and its absorption by the body slows down with an excessive amount of iron, calcium or copper; and with vitamins of group B, C, F and choline, manganese takes an active part in the regulation of metabolism.

Manganese is an assistant in the fight against the development of insufficiency of the arteries of the heart, pathology of the thyroid gland.

Manganese deficiency in the body negatively affects the well-being of people:.

1) causes excessive fatigue;

2) muscle pain;

3) dizziness;

4) causes complications in cases of diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, epilepsy, various types of allergies;

5) leads to an increase in already overweight;

6) after menopause in women, it causes osteoporosis;

7) leads to infertility and ovarian dysfunction, the development of rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis (a type of epilepsy), cataracts.

Natural sources of manganese: peanuts, beans, peas, buckwheat, rice, millet, brewer's yeast, wheat bran, hazelnuts, carrots, oatmeal, cocoa powder, green tea, black currants, spinach, parsley, tea, coffee.

Manganese should be taken with zinc.

Chromium.

For a long time, chromium was considered harmful to the body of both humans and animals.. And only in the middle of the XX century. (1957-1959 biennium. ) in the brilliant experiments of researchers Schwarz and Mertz, the need for chromium for a living organism was proved.

The human need for this trace element ranges from 50-200 mcg. At the same time, the generally accepted diet contains only 33-125 ?g of chromium, and in the diet of the elderly, it is even less: 5-90 ?g. Chromium is absorbed mainly in the small intestine, and the assimilation of this element does not exceed 0.4-0.7% of the amount received with food, although in diabetic patients it is three times higher. The absorption of chromium is also influenced by the sufficient content of zinc and iron in the diet..

Chromium is able to enhance the action of insulin in all metabolic processes regulated by this hormone. With chromium deficiency in humans, there is a decrease in glucose sensitivity, an increase in the concentration of insulin in the blood, the appearance of glucose in the urine, an increase in the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood serum, leading to an increase in the number of cholesterol plaques on the aortic wall.

Thus, a deficiency of this trace element can lead to strokes and heart attacks.. With iodine deficiencies, chromium in the body can increase the functional activity of the thyroid gland. Chromium deficiency leads to growth retardation, a decrease in life expectancy, peripheral neuropathy and impaired nervous activity, and reduces the fertilizing ability of sperm.

So, chromium is necessary for patients with diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, as it reduces the level of sugar and triglycerides in the blood..

Chromium (1 mg every other day), zinc (50 mg daily) and cysteine \u200b\u200b(5 mg daily) treat cataracts.

Most Significant Sources of Chromium: Black pepper, veal liver, sprouted wheat grains, brewer's yeast, wholemeal bread. It is especially important that chromium in these products is contained in a biologically active and easily assimilated form.. Low chromium in highly refined foods (milled rice), finely ground wheat flour. Chromium loses its properties with excessive consumption of sweets.

Nickel.

The biological effect of this trace element is constantly in the focus of attention of scientists around the world.. Information in world medical publications specifically confirms the participation and positive effect of nickel in the active stimulation of hematopoiesis processes, emphasizes its need for oxidative processes in body tissues. Nickel takes an active part in the work of vital organs: liver, pituitary gland, pancreas. It is in these organs that nickel is found in a higher concentration..

Science does not stand still. The obtained scientific data have already helped to establish that an excess of nickel in soils, and therefore in the composition of food, is a possible cause of the increased incidence of the cornea of \u200b\u200bthe eye (keratitis) in humans and animals..

In connection with the high biological activity of nickel, information on food products containing it in the greatest amount is of interest.. These are buckwheat, peas, oatmeal, beans, dried onions, dried mushrooms, cocoa powder.

Cobalt The biological role of cobalt is most significantly manifested in metabolism and hematopoiesis, but only with a sufficient amount of iron and copper in the body. Cobalt is an integral part of the vitamin B12 molecule and determines its vitamin activity.

A high content of cobalt is noted in beef and pork liver, millet, beans, beets, carrots, strawberries and sea fish.

Cobalt is very well absorbed by the human body. A person receives 0.3-1.77 mg daily with food, and up to 10 ?g of cobalt with water. About 90% of all consumed micronutrient comes from herbal products.

In the human body, cobalt is concentrated mainly in the liver, to a lesser extent in the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, kidneys, lymph nodes and pancreas.

In the blood, the concentration of the element cobalt ranges from 0.07 to 0.6 ?mol / l and depends on the season and time of day. It is slightly higher in summer, which is associated with the consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits.. The concentration of cobalt in food also depends on its content in the soil of various geographic zones..

Physiological doses of cobalt help to reduce pressure and expand the lumen of the coronary vessels, and drugs containing this trace element prevent negative changes in the nervous system and stimulate the body's immune activity, promote the complete absorption of iron.

Most often, deep disturbances in the balance of cobalt in the body are associated with chronic diseases of the digestive system, and primarily with such as gastritis, duodenal ulcer, cholecystitis. Only in these cases does its endogenous deficiency occur..

The relationship of cobalt with cancer is being intensively studied.. The use of its compounds for medicinal purposes requires careful and careful dosage..

Iodine.

Back in 1896. it was found that iodine is a necessary component for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland, that the main iodine-containing thyroid protein is thyroglobulin.

Further research by scientists in this area showed that iodine provides the formation of thyroid hormones (thyroxine, triiodothyronine, etc.. Hormones containing iodine, normalize heat exchange, metabolism, control energy processes. Thyroid hormones are also involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system.. They stimulate the growth of the body, its resistance to adverse manifestations of the external environment; very important for the development of the nervous system.

The main source of iodine on the planet is the World Ocean, where this element is brought from the atmosphere, water flows and glaciers. About 400,000 tons of iodine evaporate from the surface of the World Ocean every year.. In seawater, iodine concentration is 0.39-0.47 ?mol / l. This is almost the same as in human blood plasma. Iodine compounds are easily washed out by rain, snow from the soil. It is with this that the occurrence of iodine deficiency in people and animals living in areas with heavy rains is associated..

With insufficient iodine intake, thyroid disease occurs - endemic goiter. The daily norm of iodine for an adult is 100-150 mcg. In pregnant women, it rises to 200-300 mcg. The factors contributing to the development of endemic goiter include a lack of cobalt, copper, molybdenum and calcium in the human diet..

With the systematic consumption of water and food with a low iodine content, the formation of thyroid hormones decreases and its compensatory increase occurs.. Endemic goiter most often proceeds without dysfunction of the thyroid gland.

The signs of the disease are manifested as follows: general weakness, weakening of memory, increased fatigue, drowsiness, apathy, headache, dry mouth, chilliness, constipation, weight gain. Blood pressure drops, heart rate drops to 50-60 beats per minute (bradycardia). In men, sex drive decreases, in women, the menstrual cycle is disturbed.

Hyperthyroidism - an endemic goiter with increased thyroid function - is rare, mainly in young and middle age.

Prolonged iodine deficiency in childhood leads to cretinism, retardation in mental and physical development, poorly developed brain and skeletal system.

Iodine compounds are capable of performing a radioprotective function.

Iodine enters the body with food, water, air. Seafood is especially rich in iodine: fish, fish oil, shellfish, seaweed; as well as dairy products, buckwheat, millet, potatoes, some vegetables and fruits. There is little iodine in animal meat. Keep in mind the cooking method that will preserve the iodine content of food.. The introduction of potassium iodide (table salt) into the diet is very useful.

Potassium This is a particularly important mineral nutrient. It plays an important role in intracellular metabolism, in the regulation of the acid-base state of the body.. It normalizes the work of muscles, in particular the heart, by participating in the conduction of nerve impulses to the muscles.

One of the most important properties of potassium is the elimination of water and sodium from the body.. It also activates a number of enzymes and is involved in the most important metabolic reactions. Potassium reserves are replenished by eating plant products, meat, sea fish. Plant foods contain more potassium than sodium, and the opposite is true in animal foods.

With a normal diet, the main source of potassium is potatoes - 570 mg per 100 g of product. Even more of it in beans - 1100 mg% - and peas - 870 mg%. Dried fruits contain the greatest amount of potassium. In dried peaches 2 g of potassium per 100 g of product, in dried apricots - 1.7 g per 100 g of product; in dried cherries - 1.3 g; prunes, raisins and dried pears - about 0.9 g; in dried apples - 0.6 g.

With a lack of potassium in the blood, there are:

apathy, muscle weakness, drowsiness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation, urinary retention, slow pulse, arrhythmia, hypotension.

With an excess of potassium in the body, the following are observed: weakness, pallor, agitation, impaired cardiac activity, increased urination, impaired skin sensitivity, trembling hands and feet. This can be a consequence of acute nephritis and adrenal cortex insufficiency, as well as malnutrition without considering the need to limit potassium in the diet..

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