Science during the war is not a luxury. This is a weapon. This is the future. When the country is fighting, the easiest way to say: “Let's put fundamental research on a pause - surviving is more important”. But without science there will be no modern army, technology and in the end - the state. You can buy from other countries the day before yesterday, but only their scientists will create today's today. And there are examples of this.

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Now Ukrainian scientists continue to work even under shelling. And radio -autonomy is one of those areas that were literally on the front line in every sense of the word, thanks to their developments and physically. Two unique telescopes that are located in the Kharkov region in the radio -astronomical observatory. Broud, survived the occupation and destruction from shelling, but still remain part of the world level science. This is the world's largest decameter radio telescope UTR-2 and a giant radio telescope-Gurt.

We talked about the state of Ukrainian radio -automation, technology of the future and the meaning of science during the war with the director of the Radio Astronomical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Vyacheslav Zakharenko.

- Vyacheslav Vladimirovich, in what condition is the radio -astronomical observatory now?

- RAO was in the occupation for more than six months, and then battles were going on in this territory. Now a world-class radio telescope UTR-2 does not work, because its heart (phase system) is destroyed by an explosion. The equipment was almost completely abducted or destroyed by the invaders.

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-Is it possible to restore the radio telescope utr-2?

- Yes. We have prepared a project for the overhaul of the central building. From the scientific and technical side we have developed a new phasing system, which will significantly expand the capabilities of the radio telescope: up to 40 MHz will increase the upper limit of the frequency range, as well as the opportunity to form a field of rays for a full cartographic of the sky. Gurt - much more technological and more modern radio telescope. Our employees were able to partially restore it, and more than 30 percent of the antennas were destroyed or damaged. Before a large -scale invasion, four sections of the gurt of 11 installed were equipped with equipment. Now the two sections have been restored to RAO, some of the equipment were transferred to the Uranus-2 Observatory in the Poltava region.

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- what discoveries are made using Ukrainian radio telescopes?

-with the help of UTR-2, the lowest radio radiation of pulsars was recorded, low-frequency radio radioMBANTIONAL Lines of carbon, and the phenomenon of abnormally intense pulsar pulsar. A micro -cutting structure of lightning in the atmosphere of Saturn was also opened, which was not seen by the Voyager and Cassini space probes. This was publications in top -reviewed scientific publications. And this is only a part of the results, for example, because radiostronomy, like science as a whole, is a continuous process.

- What is the difference between radiostronomy and optical?

- radiostronomy is a much wider window in the universe. Optical astronomy is limited by a narrow spectrum - a little more than one octave. Radio Astronomy covers about 24 octaves: from hundreds of Kilortz to 3 THz. A change in frequency at least ten times (about three octaves) allows you to see completely different faces of the universe. Together with optics, radiographic and gammaastonomy of the Vsevolnaya radiostronomy allows us to explore the universe as widely and deeply as possible.

- Most people know the term “octave” only in music - this is an interval that covers seven consistent notes.

- Octava in a broader sense - this is part of the visible, sound or radio spectrum, which has the ratio of the upper frequency to the lower two. For example, a violet wavelength is approximately 370 nanometers, and red - about 700, they relate just like 1: 2 and make up an octave. For a long time, only through this narrow window the size of one octave classic astronomers observed the Universe and made amazing discoveries. And now a scene of 20 with something octave opens in front of the radio submarine-from hundreds of Kilortz to 3 THz. This is colossal.

- Tell us more about Ukrainian telescopes.

-The first Ukrainian T-field radio telescope Utr-2, which was built under the leadership of the father of Ukrainian and world radio-astronomy, Semen Yakovlevich Brauda, launched back in 1971. But to this day - the largest decametor radio telescope in the world. Its effective area is 150 thousand square meters.

Gurt - more new, technological and broadband. He is now at the average stage of his creation. That is, all scientific and engineering solutions have already found, it remains to scale. This telescope consists of separate sections of 25 antenna elements, but it can be increased by the section behind the section. In the future, Gurt can surpass even utr-2. On the territory of the RAO, the free area is more than 1 square kilometer. And the antenna with an effective area of 1 square kilometer is the dream of an astronomical community around the world.

- What about financing? Is there any understanding now that you are needed?

- How will I tell you one story. In 2016, people from Yuzhmash came to us and ask: “You can make a radar to study the earth from space? Now the satellite flies with the German radar, which has a resolution of 25 centimeters per pixel, you can develop the same? »And we answer: provide funding at about half a billion euros - you will be a radar. They answer us: “So they are doing something like that there for 3 million. " And people from South Mash say: " I’m about: you can buy only the day before yesterday technology or bananas. If we want to live in the day before yesterday, then we buy, if we want to live today, we invest in science and technology. The financing of science itself allows the state to be modern and competitive.

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- Why is radio -astronomy needed Ukraine?

- It's like a question why humanity needs it at all. This is the knowledge of the universe where we live. Thanks to astronomy and radiostronomy, in particular, we are quite well imagined by both the Universe and its history. So that there is an understanding of where we are and who we are, a science of this kind as radio -astronomy, is very necessary.

- How can one evaluate the scientific potential of Ukraine?

- Comparing the scientific potentials of countries is a multifaceted problem. Usually take quantitative indicators: the number of Nobel and other prestigious awards, the number of published articles, and t. Assessment by such criteria is closely related to the economic potential of the country. Expert opinion is based on a larger set of indicators that can vary with different experts. But according to various estimates, Ukraine has a high scientific potential, and the low -frequency Ukrainian radiostronomy, which is located on the front edge of science, continues to generate new scientific results, conduct research in very difficult conditions, develop new equipment and observation methods.

- What is the place of Ukraine in radiostronomy?

- In low -frequency radiostronomy - one of the leading places in the world.

- what to do and what not to do so that the talents go to science?

- Curiosity - one of the main features of a person.

It is advisable to maintain interest in knowledge from an early age and form it in society by popularizing the achievements of modern (and not only) science. And last but not least through the Assessment of the effectiveness of scientific research and their authors (bonuses, status, recognition). To do this, you need to create an appropriate environment, to form a public interest in the knowledge of the world. With intelligence, Ukrainians are fine. But he extremely needs investments.