A hyperplastic polyp is one of the histological types of benign growths that form from cells of the mucous membrane of an organ.. It differs from other species not only in its structure, but also in the minimum probability of degeneration into a malignant form..

A hyperplastic polyp is a benign formation and can form on the mucous membranes of the abdominal organs. A polyp is any benign neoplasm protruding above the surface of the mucous membrane of the abdominal organ.. The place of its localization is different: it can form throughout the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), in the endometrium, vagina, sinuses, bladder, urethra, etc..

The causes of hyperplastic polyps (HP) are not fully understood.. Among the common theories of the prevailing etiological factor, there are: long-term mechanical damage, chronic inflammatory processes in the mucous membrane of the organ, hereditary predisposition, dyshormonal conditions, etc..

The danger of a timely undiagnosed and untreated neoplasm lies in the possibility of malignancy (degeneration of a benign form into a malignant one) and the development of other complications (bleeding, infection, intense pain syndrome, etc.)..

Histological types of polyps Pathological growths are divided into several types:.

glandular (adenomatous);

hyperplastic;

juvenile.

Separately, hereditary polyposis syndromes are distinguished (Lynch, Gardner, Peitz-Jegers syndrome, juvenile polyposis, etc.).. ) Adenomatous formationsAdenoma, or adenomatous polyp in relation to malignancy is the most dangerous, t. this type is prone to malignant transformation.

Adenomas, according to their histological structure, are divided into:.

glandular;

glandular villous;

villous;

It is villous adenomas that can degenerate into a malignant form.. This species often affects the rectal mucosa.. The tumor can be detected during a digital examination..

Some large villous adenomas, incorporating goblet cells of the epithelium, can secrete up to three liters of mucus per day..

Hyperplastic formations Often hyperplastic growths are found in the large intestine.. They are not prone to malignancy, their size rarely exceeds 0.5 cm.. These neoplasms can be single and multiple, the latter are found more often..

Neoplasms can have a different structure. The risk of developing pathology increases with age, t. mostly growths are found in people over 40 years old.

According to the histological classification, there are several types of hyperplastic polyps:.

microvesicular HP (MVHP);

HP containing goblet cells (GCHP);

Mucin-Low HP (MPHP).

Juvenile lesionsJuvenile polyps are most common in children aged 4–5 years, but have been reported in adults. Place of localization - rectum and sigmoid colon. Their size rarely reaches 2 cm.

There are two most common theories for the formation of juvenile polyps.. The first of them speaks of an inflammatory nature, the second - of a violation during the laying of organs during the embryonic development of the fetus..

The main symptom is the appearance of intestinal bleeding.

Causes The etiology of HP is not fully understood.. There are three most common theories:.

Cause.

Characteristic.

Theory of chronic exposure to an irritant.

For example, infectious agents leading to an inflammatory process. They tried to prove this theory experimentally in 1938, adding carcinogens to the food of laboratory animals.. After 7-10 months, gastric polyps were detected, and then carcinomas were found.

The theory of violation of the regenerative function.

Talks about the failure of the regenerative (restoring) abilities of the inner shell of the organ. As a result of this violation, excessive cell proliferation and the formation of a towering outgrowth occur..

Embryonic error theory.

One of the theories explaining the presence of juvenile polyps.

Several factors have been identified that increase the risk of neoplasms, including:.

hereditary predisposition;

unbalanced diet (constipation is a factor contributing to the traumatization of the intestinal mucosa);

hypodynamia (reduced physical activity);

damage to the mucous layer (due to chronic inflammatory processes, mechanical trauma);

diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (diverticulosis, gastritis, colitis, hereditary diseases);

alcohol intake, overeating, stress, smoking, etc..

Hyperplastic intestinal polyp The disease is asymptomatic for a long time, especially with small neoplasms.. Often, a hyperplastic colonic polyp is found during a colonoscopy for another pathology..

Symptoms The only thing that can bother the patient during this period is discomfort in the abdomen..

When the nutrition or integrity of the build-up is disturbed, the following symptoms are often observed:.

spotting that occurs with or after a stool;

mucus in the stool;

abdominal pain syndrome;

stool disorders (constipation, diarrhea or their alternation);

anemic syndrome (growing anemia due to chronic blood loss).

With a hyperplastic polyp of the rectum, the patient may feel a pathological formation near the anus.

DiagnosisDue to the fact that possible symptoms are nonspecific and do not exclude other intestinal diseases (colitis, hemorrhoids, oncological process, etc.. ), it is necessary to have an examination by a proctologist with subsequent additional studies.

After collecting complaints, anamnesis, for differential diagnosis, the doctor should conduct a digital examination of the rectum. This method will allow to detect pathological formations of the lower rectum, as well as to additionally examine the prostate gland..

To identify colon growths, a colonoscopy is performed. To clarify the diagnosis, the following may be prescribed:.

sigmoidoscopy: indicated in cases where a digital examination failed to detect a neoplasm. A special optical device - a sigmoidoscope, allows you to visualize the inner layer of the rectum at a distance of 25 cm from the anus;

colonoscopy: necessary to detect neoplasms with localization in any part of the colon above the rectum. A colonoscope is a plastic optical device that allows you to examine the inner lining of the large intestine throughout its entire length.;

irrigoscopy or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): used to visualize the pathological formation of this section of the digestive system. Irrigoscopy is the introduction of a contrast agent into the large intestine through the anus.. After filling the necessary segment of the intestine, X-ray images are taken, which show the location of the formation.

The advantage of colonoscopy is the possibility of taking a biopsy during the study. The section of the separated pathological tissue is sent to the laboratory for cytological and histological examination.

If there are doubtful symptoms, the doctor may prescribe a laboratory test - feces for occult blood.

Treatment of hyperplastic intestinal polyps Hyperplastic formations, especially those accompanied by severe symptoms, are recommended to be treated surgically.

This type of neoplasm almost never transforms into malignant forms, but it can cause anemia, intestinal disorders and inflammatory bowel processes..

The method of removal of the intestinal polyp is determined by the doctor individually. Low-lying HP of the rectum can be removed surgically (with a scalpel), using a laser, electrical impulses or radio waves; high located - removed during colonoscopy by the same physical methods or direct access (through the anterior abdominal wall).

The doctor chooses the surgical method for removing the formation individually for each patient, taking into account the benefits / risks, symptoms, concomitant diseases, hospital equipment.

Hyperplastic polyp of the stomachHyperplastic polyp of the stomach is one of the most common types of neoplasms of this organ (70–80%). The probability of its malignancy does not exceed 1%.

Like a similar neoplasm of any other localization, this type goes unnoticed for a long time, since it is not accompanied by any symptoms..

Symptoms Indirectly, the following symptoms can indicate the presence of HP in the stomach:.

dyspeptic symptoms (nausea, heartburn, heaviness in the stomach, excessive gas formation in the intestines, vomiting, unstable stool);

loss of appetite, weight loss;

stomach bleeding (vomiting coffee grounds, melena);

anemic syndrome;

cramping pain in the stomach;

bad breath.

DiagnosticsFor differential diagnosis, additional research methods are used:.

fibrogastroduodenoscopy (FGDS): visualizes the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, allows you to take a piece of tissue for further cytological and histological examination;

contrast radiography: the patient drinks barium, after which x-rays are taken. The method allows to detect neoplasms in the wall of the stomach;

ultrasonography;

stool test for occult blood.

Treatment If HP was discovered by chance during a preventive examination of the patient and it does not bother him, the doctor may recommend expectant tactics, including the treatment of gastritis, peptic ulcer, normalization of the digestive system.

Removal of neoplasms is usually performed by endoscopic polypectomy. In most cases, especially if the presence of a pathological neoplasm is accompanied by severe symptoms and brings discomfort to the patient, surgical treatment is recommended, usually a minimally invasive endoscopic polypectomy.

During endoscopic polypectomy, an endoscope is inserted into the stomach through the oral cavity, then a special electric loop captures the neoplasm, an electrical impulse is applied and the polyp is removed. Very rarely, abdominal surgery is performed with access through the anterior abdominal wall..

Prevention of polyp formation has not been developed, it is recommended to detect and treat diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in a timely manner, eat a balanced diet, eliminate bad habits and minimize stress.

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