The pancreas is an important part of the human digestive system.. It is the main supplier of enzymes, without which it is impossible to fully digest proteins, fats and carbohydrates.. But its activity is not limited to the release of pancreatic juice..

Special structures of the gland - the islets of Langerhans, which perform an endocrine function by secreting insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin and ghrelin. Pancreatic hormones are involved in all types of metabolism, a violation of their production leads to the development of serious diseases, according to the online publication for girls and women from 14 to 35 years old Pannochka. net Pancreatic hormones regulate the functions of the digestive system and metabolismEndocrine part of the pancreasPancreatic cells that synthesize hormonally active substances are called insulocytes. They are located in the gland in clusters - islets of Langerhans.. The total mass of the islets is only 2% of the weight of the organ.. According to the structure, several types of insulocytes are distinguished: alpha, beta, delta, PP and epsilon. Each type of cell is able to form and secrete a certain type of hormones..

What hormones does the pancreas produceThe list of pancreatic hormones is extensive. Some are described in great detail, while the properties of others have not yet been studied enough.. The first is insulin, which is considered the most studied hormone.. Pancreatic polypeptide can be attributed to representatives of biologically active substances that have not been studied enough..

InsulinSpecial cells (beta cells) of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas synthesize a peptide hormone called insulin.. The spectrum of action of insulin is wide, but its main purpose is to lower the level of glucose in the blood plasma.. The effect on carbohydrate metabolism is realized due to the ability of insulin:.

facilitate the entry of glucose into the cell by increasing membrane permeability;

stimulate glucose uptake by cells;

activate the formation of glycogen in the liver and muscle tissue, which is the main form of glucose storage;

inhibit the process of glycogenolysis - the breakdown of glycogen to glucose;

inhibit gluconeogenesis - the synthesis of glucose from proteins and fats.

But not only the metabolism of carbohydrates is the scope of the hormone. Insulin is able to influence protein and fat metabolism through:.

stimulation of the synthesis of triglycerides and fatty acids;

facilitate the entry of glucose into adipocytes (fat cells);

activation of lipogenesis - the synthesis of fats from glucose;

inhibition of lipolysis - the breakdown of fats;

inhibition of protein breakdown processes;

increasing the permeability of cell membranes for amino acids;

stimulation of protein synthesis.

Insulin provides tissues with reserves of potential energy sources. Its anabolic effect leads to an increase in the depot of protein and lipids in the cell and determines the role in the regulation of growth and development processes.. In addition, insulin affects the water-salt metabolism: it facilitates the flow of potassium to the liver and muscles, helps to retain water in the body..

The main stimulus for the formation and secretion of insulin is an increase in the level of glucose in the blood serum.. Hormones also lead to an increase in insulin synthesis:.

cholecystokinin;

glucagon;

glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide;

estrogens;

corticotropin.

Damage to beta cells leads to a lack or absence of insulin - type 1 diabetes develops. In addition to genetic predisposition, viral infections, stress, nutritional errors play a role in the occurrence of this form of the disease.. Insulin resistance (tissue resistance to the hormone) underlies type 2 diabetes.

Insulin production depends mainly on blood glucose levelsGlucagonThe peptide produced by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets is called glucagon. Its effect on the human body is opposite to the action of insulin and is to increase blood sugar levels.. The main task is to maintain a stable level of glucose in plasma between meals, is performed by:.

breakdown of glycogen in the liver to glucose;

synthesis of glucose from proteins and fats;

inhibition of glucose oxidation processes;

stimulation of fat breakdown;

formation of ketone bodies from fatty acids in liver cells.

Glucagon increases the contractility of the heart muscle without affecting its excitability. The result is an increase in pressure, force and heart rate.. In stressful situations and during physical exertion, glucagon makes it easier for skeletal muscles to access energy reserves and improves their blood supply due to increased heart function..

Glucagon stimulates the release of insulin. In insulin deficiency, glucagon is always elevated.

SomatostatinThe peptide hormone somatostatin, produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans, exists in two biologically active forms.. It inhibits the synthesis of many hormones, neurotransmitters and peptides.

Sphere of influence.

Hormone, peptide, enzyme whose synthesis is reduced.

Hypothalamus.

Somatotropin-releasing hormone.

Anterior pituitary gland.

Somatotropin, thyrotropin.

Gastrointestinal tract.

Gastrin, secretin, pepsin, cholecystokinin, serotonin.

Pancreas.

Insulin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide, pancreatic polypeptide, bicarbonates.

Liver.

Insulin-like growth factor 1.

kidneys.

Renin.

Somatostatin, in addition, slows down the absorption of glucose in the intestine, reduces the secretion of hydrochloric acid, gastric motility and bile secretion.. The synthesis of somatostatin increases at high concentrations of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids in the blood..

Gastrin Gastrin is a peptide hormone produced by cells of the gastric mucosa in addition to the pancreas.. According to the number of amino acids that make up its composition, several forms of gastrin are distinguished: gastrin-14, gastrin-17, gastrin-34. The pancreas secretes mainly. Gastrin participates in the gastric phase of digestion and creates the conditions for the subsequent intestinal phase through:.

increased secretion of hydrochloric acid;

stimulation of the production of a proteolytic enzyme - pepsin;

activation of the secretion of bicarbonates and mucus by the inner lining of the stomach;

increased motility of the stomach and intestines;

stimulation of the secretion of intestinal, pancreatic hormones and enzymes;

enhancing blood supply and activating the restoration of the gastric mucosa.

Stimulate the production of gastrin, which is affected by gastric distension during meals, protein digestion products, alcohol, coffee, gastrin-releasing peptide secreted by nerve processes in the wall of the stomach. The level of gastrin increases with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (tumor of the islet apparatus of the pancreas), stress, taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Determine the level of gastrin in the differential diagnosis of peptic ulcer and Addison's disease - Birmer. This disease is also called pernicious anemia.. With it, impaired hematopoiesis and symptoms of anemia are not caused by iron deficiency, which is more common, but by a lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid..

GhrelinGhrelin is produced by epsilon cells of the pancreas and special cells of the gastric mucosa.. Hormone causes hunger. It interacts with the centers of the brain, stimulating the secretion of neuropeptide Y, which is responsible for stimulating appetite.. The concentration of ghrelin increases before a meal, and after it decreases. The functions of ghrelin are diverse:.

stimulates the secretion of somatotropin - growth hormone;

enhances salivation and prepares the digestive system for food intake;

enhances contractility of the stomach;

regulates the secretory activity of the pancreas;

raises the level of glucose, lipids and cholesterol in the blood;

regulates body weight;

exacerbates sensitivity to food odors.

Ghrelin coordinates the energy needs of the body and is involved in the regulation of the state of the psyche: depressive and stressful situations increase appetite. In addition, it has an effect on memory, learning ability, sleep and wakefulness processes.. Ghrelin levels increase with fasting, weight loss, low-calorie meals, and decreased blood glucose. In obesity, type 2 diabetes, there is a decrease in the concentration of ghrelin.

Ghrelin - a hormone responsible for the feeling of hunger Pancreatic polypeptide Pancreatic polypeptide is a product of the synthesis of pancreatic PP cells. It is classified as a food regulator.. The action of the pancreatic polypeptide on the processes of digestion is as follows:.

inhibits the exocrine activity of the pancreas;

reduces the production of pancreatic enzymes;

weakens the peristalsis of the gallbladder;

inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver;

enhances the proliferation of the small intestine mucosa.

The secretion of the pancreatic polypeptide is facilitated by protein-rich foods, fasting, physical activity, a sharp drop in blood sugar. Reduce the released amount of somatostatin polypeptide and glucose administered intravenously.

Conclusion The normal functioning of the body requires the coordinated work of all endocrine organs.. Congenital and acquired diseases of the pancreas lead to impaired secretion of pancreatic hormones.. Understanding their role in the system of neurohumoral regulation helps to successfully solve diagnostic and therapeutic problems..

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