Proper anesthesia is the key to a successful operation.. Therefore, anesthesiologists work on an equal footing with surgeons in the operating room.. What should be safe anesthesia?

As a rule, anesthesia can be:.

• inhalation;

• parenteral (intravenous, intravenous with mechanical ventilation, intramuscular, rectal, etc..

• combined anesthesia (various drugs and methods of their administration are consistently used for pain relief).

Depending on what the patient's breathing is during anesthesia, it can be anesthesia with spontaneous (independent) breathing and with artificial lung ventilation (ALV).

As a rule, during the second variant of anesthesia, tracheal intubation is carried out, which consists in introducing a special tube into the patient's airways after the patient falls into a state of sleep.. Other methods can also be used that provide blowing of air, oxygen or gas mixtures into the patient's lungs using a ventilator or a special bag..

Features of anesthesia Anesthetists in the stage of surgical anesthesia distinguish 4 main stages:.

Superficial anesthesia consists in the complete disappearance of pain and tactile sensitivity, the cessation of swallowing processes.. There is also a disappearance of the corneal reflex (closing of the eyelids when a hair touches the cornea). There is a deviation of the eyeballs in an eccentric position, constriction of the pupils. Breathing is very deep, rhythmic, snoring, as the vocal cords are in a relaxed state. Stabilization of blood pressure, increased heart rate. Skeletal muscles do not relax. Reflexes of the anal sphincter are preserved, as well as viscero-visceral reflexes to stretch the peritoneum and mesentery.

With light anesthesia, the eyeballs are established in a central position.. The pupils are constricted and have a weak reaction to light. Skeletal muscles are in a relaxed state, but not full. The reflex to stretch the peritoneum disappears. Breathing and pulse are rhythmic. In this state, surface operations can be performed.

Full anesthesia is characterized by smooth, shallow breathing, which becomes more frequent as a result of the addition of CO2 to the inhaled air.. The pulse is rhythmic, but its filling becomes much smaller, and blood pressure is reduced. Reflexes from the surface and body cavity are not observed, but at the same time, the aortic and carotid sinus zones are preserved, which ensures the functioning of the centers of respiration and blood circulation. May cause decreased bladder and rectal reflexes. Pupil dilation occurs. Skeletal muscles are in a relaxed state, the tongue may also sink. In the event that it is not fixed, asphyxia may occur due to the closure of the passage of air into the larynx.

Superdeep anesthesia is a condition in which the patient is on the verge of life and death.. Breathing is shallow, jerky, diaphragmatic. Pulse is very weak, little filled, blood pressure is low. There is cyanosis of the mucous membranes. There is no movement of the eyeballs, which are in their usual position, the cornea is dry, the pupil is dilated.

Anesthesia control It is necessary to control the condition of a patient who is under anesthesia by monitoring his pulse, blood pressure, which can be measured both manually and automatically, by direct and indirect methods.. Also, continuous recording of the ECG, the level of oxygen in the blood, the color of the skin and mucous membranes is observed with a pulse oximeter or by conducting a blood test.. In addition, they measure the temperature of the "

Maintenance of inhalation anesthesia at the required level is carried out using special devices (evaporators, rotameters), which make it possible to accurately control the concentration of vapors of liquid anesthetics or gaseous agents, with the help of which anesthesia is transferred to the respiratory mixture.. With the help of anesthesia and respiratory devices, various parameters of mechanical ventilation are controlled, and modern anesthetic monitors control the concentration of gases (oxygen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and anesthetic vapors), which are part of the inhaled and exhaled gas.

Exit from anesthesia Another responsible and important stage of anesthesia is the exit from it.. In the process of coming out of anesthesia, reflexes are restored in patients. However, some of them may not be adequate.. It is because of this that certain complications arise during anesthesia, so anesthetists are still monitoring the patient even after the operation is over..

Anesthesia: History and Significance Today, many people have experienced the phenomenon of anesthesia, which is an artificially induced reversible state in which the central nervous system is inhibited, consciousness is lost, a state of sleep, amnesia, pain relief, relaxation of skeletal muscles and loss of control over.

Narcosis itself is a rather mysterious state of the body.. The body enters the state of anesthesia as a result of the introduction of one or more general anesthetics, the optimal dose and combination of which is selected by the anesthesiologist, taking into account the individual characteristics of each individual patient and the type of medical procedure..

First there were sleepy sponges The first painkillers were made from all kinds of plants. As a rule, it was opium, hemp, henbane, hemlock. They were boiled infusions or decoctions, and also made " Sponges were soaked in plant sap and set on fire.. Inhaling vapors, patients fell into a dream.

In the 13th century, the Spaniard R. Ether was discovered by Lull, and in 1540 Paracelsus described its analgesic properties.. October 16, 1846 in the Boston clinic (USA) William Thomas Green Morton conducted the first public demonstration of ether anesthesia during an operation to remove a submandibular tumor..

In Russia, ether anesthesia was first used on February 7, 1847.. Inozemtsev, and on February 14, it was first used by the Russian scientist and physician Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov to obtain an analgesic effect during surgery..

In 1847, the Scottish obstetrician J.. Simpson was the first to use chloroform as an anesthetic for childbirth..

At the end of the 20th century, anesthesia was carried out using xenon, and then other modern means of anesthesia Why anesthesia is needed First of all, anesthesia is necessary in order to slow down the reaction of the body as a result of surgery, first of all, to slow down pain.

It should be noted that drug sleep, which is most often associated with the concept of " During anesthesia, the severity of vegetative (automatic) reactions of the body to surgical trauma is also suppressed or significantly reduced, which consist in an increase in heart rate (tachycardia), an increase in blood pressure (arterial hypertension) and other phenomena that can occur even at the moment of switched off consciousness. Under this suppression of autonomic reactions, pain relief or analgesia is assumed..

The third component of anesthesia is muscle relaxation, or muscle relaxation, for which it is necessary to provide normal working conditions for surgeons..

The main priority is pain and the fight against it, because if there is no pain, then the launch of physiological defense mechanisms will not occur.. This is the main task of the anesthesiologist: to prevent this development of events..

The term " Local (local) anesthesia is called " The cornerstone of this type of pain relief is to turn off consciousness. In this regard, the terms "

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