During menopause, the occurrence of serious breast problems is an infrequent occurrence, according to Pannochka, an online publication for girls and women from 14 to 35 years old.. net However, no one is safe from them, so be careful.

Examine what the breast tissues are at normal times and how they change during menstruation, if the menstrual cycle is still preserved.

This is necessary so that any new changes can be noticed in time.. And of course, if you have any questions, you should immediately contact a specialist..

Symptoms in which it is better to consult a specialist and check the condition of the breast:.

- changes in the shape or contour of the breast, including the nipple and the area around it;

swelling or swelling in any area of \u200b\u200bthe chest;

- inverted or sunken nipple;

- spotting from the nipple;

- changes in skin color or condition: retraction or wrinkling;

- swollen hard lymph nodes in the armpit.

Benign breast tumors are disorders that occur in the tissues of the breast and are not malignant.. Similar changes to one degree or another occur in almost all women after 30 years.. Women go to the doctor, pointing out irregularities, thickening or nodules, and sometimes complain of discomfort and even pain..

If a benign tumor is diagnosed, there is no reason to worry, it is not cancer. Diagnosis of fibrous tumor of the breast, fibrotic changes or mastopathy sounds somewhat ominous, but they only say that the breast has thickening or irregularities and such changes are not a risk factor for breast cancer..

Fibrous breasts can accumulate fluid, cause discomfort or even pain, especially on the eve of menstruation, but is not a cause for concern. These bumps and swellings, as well as discomfort, are caused by natural hormonal causes and come along with menstruation.. In the same way, they leave with them.. And completely disappear after the onset of menopause.

A similar condition of the breast occurs due to fluid retention and swelling of the fibrous tissue, and then a swelling forms in the chest, sometimes almost imperceptible, and sometimes quite significant.. When fibrous tissues are stretched due to hormone-induced fluid accumulation, the breasts become tender and painful..

Only one type of cystic or fibrous breast is considered to be above average risk.. This is atypical hyperplasia - a condition that precedes malignant degeneration with special, but not necessarily carcinogenic tissue changes..

A biopsy-proven diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia means that the risk of developing breast cancer in the next fifteen years is four times higher than the average, especially if the woman has entered the premenopausal age or has a genetic predisposition to this disease.

Cystic tumors usually mutate with the menstrual cycle, becoming larger and disturbing on the eve of menstruation.. They are easy to distinguish from malignant ones by their characteristic features: they are usually round, soft and mobile.. Malignant tumors rarely cause pain and rarely change during a cycle..

They are like. generally irregular and firmer than fibrous. However, fibroadenomas, benign nodes of fibrous tissues, also belong to dense and immobile tumors.. However, they need to be investigated to rule out the possibility of developing cancer..

Fibromas usually do not regenerate and almost always remain benign.. Benign tumors can be easily removed and rarely recur..

Malignant neoplasms are cancer, abnormal cells that multiply uncontrollably and randomly.. They can break off and enter the circulatory or lymphatic system, causing secondary tumors in other organs and parts of the body..

Do not self-diagnose and do not self-medicate! Be sure to see a doctor if you have doubts or concerns about your breasts..

The risk of breast cancer increases if a woman smokes.

Studies have shown that physically active women are less likely to develop breast cancer.

Vitamin A can reduce the risk of developing breast cancer, so it is necessary to include foods rich in this vitamin in the diet: spinach, carrots, milk, liver, etc..

Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that improves redox processes in breast tissues and thereby reduces the risk of mastopathy..

Decrease in bone mass.

A significant decrease in bone mass occurs in women after menopause, during the postmenopausal period, when the formation of sex hormones in the ovaries stops. Deprived of estrogens, the skeleton loses its hormonal defenses..

Also during this period, many have reduced activity, both general physical and sexual. Women move less, get tired faster, rarely go out into the sun. All this is aggravated by diseases transferred or accumulated by this age.. Diseases of the thyroid gland, stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys have a very negative effect on the process of bone tissue restoration..

However, problems can be avoided if the necessary measures are taken in time.. Just a properly balanced diet and physical activity can strengthen your bones so much that their strength reserve is enough for the rest of your life.. And if a woman does not reduce her physical activity further, more often being in the sun and eating well, and even stops destroying herself with all sorts of bad habits, osteoporosis will be less, and the bones will be healthier and stronger..

Bone is a living tissue with high sensitivity to various regulatory and controlling mechanisms.. First of all, this tissue is actively involved in metabolism, in particular, in maintaining the mineral composition of the blood at a certain level.. Thus, the skeletal system is a true repository of inorganic compounds and serves as one of the main regulators of the body's internal environment..

Bone cells have a very high activity and carry out complex biochemical processes of synthesis and decomposition of bone tissue.. Bone tissue is constantly changing, actively participating in the entire internal life of the body..

The processes that occur in the bones themselves are regulated by hormones.. Some hormones stimulate biosynthesis processes, for example, the hormone calcitonin, others cause the opposite effect - splitting (dissolution) of bone tissue (for example, parathyroid hormones).

In addition, vitamins, especially A, C and B, play a huge role in the internal regulation of bone tissue metabolism.. In a healthy body, all biochemical processes occurring in bone tissue are strictly balanced.. Violation of at least one of the numerous links of internal metabolic processes can lead to the occurrence of skeletal pathology.

Calcium plays an important role in these metabolic processes.. It is calcium metabolism disorders that underlie many diseases of the skeletal system and, first of all, osteoporosis.. The name itself conveys the meaning of the disease.

Osteoporosis is " A disease that manifests itself as a slow, imperceptible loss of calcium and a weakening of the whole body. Due to the loss of this most important chemical element, the bones decrease in volume, lose strength, become brittle, change, of course, not for the better their structure..

But osteoporosis is already an extreme degree of the disease.. The most common pre-existing stage is osteopenia.. It is expressed in a decrease in bone density, but not to the same extent as in osteoporosis.. However, even osteopenia does not always precede osteoporosis..

The daily dose of calcium that can be absorbed in the intestine does not exceed 1000 mg. Eating more calcium does not lead to sufficient saturation of the bones and salvation from the disease.

But calcium is vital for more than just maintaining normal bone mass.. Vessels, blood, tissues need this element. It slows down the growth of cancerous tumors, destroys cholesterol plaques, cleanses blood vessels, keeps the nervous system in good shape, etc.. In many cases, the body is ready to sacrifice bone strength for the sake of other organs and systems.. As a result, this mineral not only does not enter the bone tissue, but sometimes it is even excreted from there for other needs of the body..

Also, a person is a single, clearly balanced system, and each process that occurs in him is interconnected and affects the state of the whole organism as a whole.. In particular, the absorption of calcium directly depends on the presence of phosphorus in the body.. Therefore, experts call this process " The optimal ratio of calcium and phosphorus in the body should be 2.5 to 1, respectively..

If you consume a lot of calcium, and there is not enough phosphorus, then all the indigestible excess calcium is excreted from the body.. And that's even better. At worst, this extra calcium, having entered the bloodstream, can become a real poison for the body..

But simply balancing calcium and phosphorus is not enough to prevent osteoporosis.. Our body to maintain its normal life needs not only calcium and phosphorus, but also a sufficient amount of vitamin B.

In addition, he also needs many other minerals, and all of them are also closely and proportionally intertwined with each other, like calcium and phosphorus.. The absorption of phosphorus is directly related to the presence of iodine in the body, iodine - with cobalt, cobalt - with iron, iron - with copper and potassium, and so on..

This complex of complex processes is called homeostasis - maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body.. In the normal state of the body, it is balanced. But in the event of any violations, a failure may occur, and the destruction of the bones will begin to occur at a faster pace than their restoration..

Calcium absorption, which depends on the presence of magnesium in the body, worsens as a result of smoking, drinking coffee, alcohol and excess sugar. In addition, the presence of calcium in the body affects, in turn, the absorption of iron, copper, etc.. and t.

In menopause, women experience a gradual shutdown of the ovaries, which is accompanied by a general decrease in the level of sex hormones.. Deficiency of estrogen leads to the loss of calcium in the body.. After the onset of menopause, women experience a maximum rate of bone loss of up to 2-5% per year and continues at this rate until the age of 60-70.. As a result, a woman can lose from 30% to 50% of bone tissue..

The risk group for osteoporosis is those women who are most vulnerable in this regard and should take measures to prevent their osteoporosis:.

- women with a fragile physique, blond hair, short stature, who initially have a small bone mass;

- often giving birth to women, since pregnancy and breastfeeding lead to calcium deficiency in the body;

women who have been breastfeeding for a long time (more than a year); sedentary women;

- having congenital anomalies in the development of the skeleton, limbs;

- smokers or alcohol abusers; women who have not received vitamins and minerals necessary for the body for a long time; living in areas where there is little sun, as well as soft water with a deficiency of minerals and salts;

- with chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;

- women with pathologies of the thyroid gland and other endocrine glands, as well as with diseases accompanied by impaired water-salt metabolism;

long-term use of corticosteroids;

- women with early and artificial menopause, which occurs as a result of surgery for the removal of the ovaries, are largely susceptible to osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis in the early stages manifests itself in the form of pain in the bones of the limbs and back. Fractures are indicative of osteoporosis.. One of the most dangerous fractures in the postmenopausal period is a fracture of the femoral neck, the bone does not grow together for a very long time, since nearby tissues are practically not supplied with blood. A typical manifestation of osteoporosis is a curvature of the spine, leading to the formation of a hump..

However, it should be noted that the lack of hormones is not the only reason for the development of osteoporosis.. There are many other factors that come into play here:.

Reduced physical activity, as well as excessive exercise, contributes to the development of osteoporosis. Regular exercise within reasonable limits contributes to the preservation and increment of bone mass.. Swimming is one of the best ways to prevent osteoporosis..

Causes of osteoporosis.

Unbalanced diet.

As mentioned more than once, the most important thing for maintaining bone mass is proper nutrition.. Eating calcium-rich foods in your diet can help reduce osteoporosis.. Both excessive consumption of meat and radical vegetarianism negatively affect the condition of the bones..

Smoking.

It negatively affects the absorption of calcium.. Nicotine interferes with the normal formation of sex hormones, and cadmium (a heavy metal that is found in the body of a smoker) contributes to extensive bone thinning.. In addition, studies have shown that women who smoke typically go through menopause five years earlier than non-smokers..

Alcohol consumption.

Alcohol causes the loss of phosphorus in the body, and this indirectly leads to the loss of calcium.. In addition, all this impairs the functioning of enzymes, which makes it difficult for the absorption of nutrients..

Diseases acquired by this age.

Gastric ulcer, chronic enterocolitis, gastritis significantly impair calcium absorption by the stomach. Other medical conditions force people to take drugs that can affect bone strength. All antibiotics and diuretics provoke the excretion of calcium in the urine.. Tetracycline has a particularly negative effect on the structure and growth of bones..

Doctors advise while taking these drugs and at least two weeks later, use fermented milk products: acidophilus, bifidokefir. Antacids also contribute to the excretion of calcium - drugs aimed at neutralizing high acidity, which allow you to cope with the discomfort caused by overeating or poor-quality food..

genetic predisposition.

Naturally, she also plays an important role.. However, it is not osteoporosis that is inherited, but a predisposition. Whether this disease develops depends on other causes, among which, as already mentioned, three main factors dominate: calcium content in food; physical activity; the presence of sex hormones in the body.

These factors can be controlled and influenced to prevent bone loss and osteoporosis..

After the onset of menopause, many women begin to notice problems with joints and ligaments.. Unlike men, women are more likely to suffer from joint diseases due to the structural features of their bodies..

In bone tissue, they have less calcium and less collagen, and therefore they are more prone to fractures.. With the onset of menopause, women increasingly feel joint pain and aches.. In addition, menopause stimulates the development of polyarthritis.

Arthritis can be treated with hormone replacement therapy. Many women suffering from arthritis, after a two-week course of taking hormones, note that their muscle and joint pains have decreased dramatically..

Trofimov medbe. en.