Another Endocrine Disorder Is of Growing Concern to Medical Professionals and Governments. This is diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by an increase in sugar (glucose) in the blood due to a lack of the hormone insulin in the body, leading to metabolic disorders, damage to blood vessels, nerve endings and pathological changes in various organs and tissues.. net According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the name "

This disease is included in the category of " typical for residents of highly developed countries who are overweight and lead a sedentary lifestyle. Among diabetic patients, mortality from heart disease and strokes is observed more often by 2-3 times, blindness by 10 times, nephropathy by 12-15 times, gangrene of the extremities by 20 times than among the general population..

Diabetes was first described in ancient Egypt.. Translated from Greek, the word " This reflects the main symptom of the disease - the loss of sugar in the urine - glucosuria..

However, the origin of diabetes was only established when, in the 1980s,. 19th century. Two European doctors removed a dog's pancreas and found it had diabetes.

Before 1921. people with insulin-dependent diabetes usually die after a few days or months. In 1921. Canadian doctors Banting and Best managed to extract (extract) insulin from the pancreas of animals. Giving insulin to diabetic patients has helped regulate their blood glucose levels and save many lives..

According to the endocrinological dispensary, in the Republic of Belarus in 1959. there were 10 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), and at the end of 2002. there were already 6704 patients. According to the Republican Center for Medical Prevention of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Buryatia, in. Ulan-Ude for the last 10 years (since 1996. to 2007. ) the primary incidence of diabetes mellitus increased more than 6 times.

Normally, the cells of the pancreas (cells of the islets of Langerhans), in response to the ingress of sugar into the blood, after eating, produce insulin, a hormone that is responsible for ensuring that glucose is supplied to the cells in sufficient quantities, and to be more precise, it serves to absorb. In diabetes mellitus, the body receives an insufficient amount of insulin and, despite the increased content of glucose in the blood, the cells begin to suffer from its lack..

This is manifested by a constant, sometimes strong feeling of hunger, in which eating does not bring saturation to polyphagia (from the Greek. poly + phagein - a lot + eat). In this case, rapid weight loss occurs, as the cells are energetically starved..

An increase in blood glucose levels above normal - hyperglycemia. The sugar content in blood taken from a finger on an empty stomach should normally not exceed 5. 5 mmol/l.

Excess glucose in the body has nowhere to go, and to maintain the constancy of the internal environment, he tries to remove it with liquid, which is manifested by increased thirst (polydipsia) and frequent urination (polyuria). Sugar (glucosuria) is found in the urine, which a healthy person never has. All these signs are clearly manifested in type 1 diabetes..

Type 2 diabetes goes unnoticed in humans, sometimes for years.

However, alertness and obligatory consultation of an endocrinologist are necessary if:.

•feeling of weakness or fatigue, fatigue;

• blurred vision (\;

• decrease in sexual activity, potency;

•numbness and tingling in the limbs;

• feeling of heaviness in the legs;

• dizziness;

• protracted course of infectious diseases;

• slow wound healing.

It is fundamental that type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are completely different diseases, but historically they have almost the same name, since the biochemical processes that occur in the body were not previously known. In order to better understand the distinctive features of these diseases, refer to Table 10..

Table 10 - Comparative characteristics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes Signs of type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Name reflecting the essence of metabolic processes Insulin-dependent - absolute deficiency of insulin in the body Insulin-independent - impaired insulin action or reduced secretion (production) - relative insulin deficiency? - cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas Preserved, but the cells of the body cannot use it to conduct sugar in them The need for insulin preparations in the treatment Mandatory Optional at the beginning of the disease, but possible with its progression over time Main methods of treatment Insulin therapy, dieting Weight loss,. This manifests itself as follows.

Manifestations of diabetes:.

•Eyes. Glucose affects the arteries, veins and capillaries of the retina so strongly that diabetic retinopathy may lead to complete blindness..

•Kidneys. Due to damage to the blood vessels, the function of the kidneys is disrupted, the so-called renal failure appears, when the kidneys are not able to form and remove urine from the body, which leads the patient to an “artificial kidney” apparatus or to death, as a result of diabetic nephropathy.

•Large blood vessels. Many times more likely than in healthy people to develop myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure.

•Lower limbs. Circulatory disorders in the legs in patients with diabetes mellitus lead to pain in the calves, both when walking and at rest, and to the formation of trophic ulcers.. Any abrasions and wounds on the feet do not heal well, and with improper treatment in advanced cases, this even leads to amputation of the feet - these are manifestations of the so-called diabetic foot.

Among all patients with diabetes mellitus, 90-95% are type 2 diabetes.. Therefore, the main method of prevention and treatment is lifestyle changes and normalization of body weight.. In the future, such patients may also need insulin injections, because. insulin production decreases with age.

In diabetes mellitus, like in no other disease, patients need strict adherence to a diet.. It is based on the calculation of carbohydrates eaten in type 1 diabetes and the mandatory accounting of food calories in type 2 diabetes..

To facilitate the calculation of calories for patients with type 1 diabetes, a conditional value was invented - a bread unit (XE), equal to 12 grams of carbohydrates.. For example, one XE corresponds to: bread (1 slice), boiled cereals (2 tbsp. spoons), milk (1 glass), granulated sugar (1 tbsp.. spoon), potatoes (1 pc. ), carrots (3 pcs. ), banana (half), orange (1 pc. ), cherries and other berries (a handful), kvass (1 cup).

In type 2 diabetes, the following foods should be limited.

Fats: fried foods, lard, entrails, brains, fatty meats, pates, prepared foods, sausages, smoked meats, mayonnaise, vegetable oil. High-fat dairy products: butter, sour cream, cream, full-fat milk, cheeses. Sweets, products made from premium flour (white bread, pastries), semolina and rice cereals, fruit juices, kvass.

The less fat a person consumes, the more stable the weight, and the easier it is to lose weight.. It should be remembered that 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil contains 180 kcal, and mayonnaise - 160 kcal. This is the same calorie content as 1 kilogram of cucumbers or tomatoes.! And to spend this number of calories, you need to walk for almost an hour at a speed of 5 km / h.

Therefore, products should be cooked without excess fat: steamed, stewed in water, boiled or baked. It must be remembered that fats include all fried and smoked foods, dishes with mayonnaise, sour cream, vegetable and butter, all sausages and minced meat, pates, lard, shortbread and puff pastry, seeds, nuts, chips.

Salt should be used in moderation - no more than 1 teaspoon per day (5 grams) to reduce the risk of high blood pressure.

It must be remembered that many finished products already contain salt: smoked meats, bread, cheese, preservation. Salt can be replaced with herbs or spices to add flavor to food..

Alcohol should also be limited. beer.

Even if a person has diabetes, he can live a quality life if he controls and achieves the normalization of blood sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure. An example of this is M. Gorbachev and others.

Shurygina Yu.

medbe. en.