Climatogeographic, national, economic and other nutritional features.

The actual nutrition of the population depends on a number of factors: socio-economic, climatic, geographical and national, according to the Internet edition for girls and women from 14 to 35 years old Pannochka. net In countries where the majority of the population lives below the poverty line, the food basket, as a rule, does not provide the physiological need for nutrients.

A striking example of this is the results of a study of the availability of vitamins to the population of certain regions of Russia, which demonstrated varying degrees of deficiency of all vitamins, including vitamin C in 70-100% of the population, group B - in 60-80%, B-carotene - in 40-.

Not only poverty leads to inadequate nutrition, but also insufficient food culture, lack of elementary knowledge among the population in this area. Thus, when assessing by WHO experts the minimum consumer basket for 1991. in Russia, it was found that vegetables in the diet of Russians are represented mainly by potatoes. Fruits, berries, vegetables (except potatoes) amounted to only 146 g per day, while WHO recommends 400 g.

Thus, the Russians do not eat enough green vegetables, onions, carrots - sources of B-carotene, vitamins C, E and, thus, receive less antioxidants.. Combined with excess consumption of animal fats, this leads to a high incidence of cancer and coronary disease.. Half of men in Russia smoke, which is the reason for the destruction of 30 mg of vitamin C per day.

The majority of the Russian population is deficient in such trace elements as zinc, selenium, magnesium, calcium, iron, iodine. The lack or excess of mineral elements in the diet depends not only on the food set, but also on their presence in the soil of the area where people live.

Diet is influenced by climatic conditions. If the inhabitants of the southern regions consume relatively little fat, but quite a lot of carbohydrates due to fruits and vegetables, then the inhabitants of the Far North have a different nutrition structure.. They cover up to 40% of the energy value of the diet at the expense of fats and do not have the opportunity to consume a large amount of greens and fruits..

Moreover, historically it turned out that the source of fats was mainly fish and marine animals.. This allowed people to survive in harsh conditions and maintain health.. With the advent of the European style of eating, the health of the natives deteriorated.. The main reasons for this were a large amount of refined carbohydrates and alcohol..

Table 10. Consumer basket analysis 1991. in the Russian Federation by WHO experts (1992. ) Major dietary patterns contributing to public health problems Population fixation on meat needs (high intake of saturated fats). Low intake of vegetables and fruits (antioxidants). High levels of obesity and high rates of death from cardiovascular diseases Identified defects in recommended nutrition Overestimated recommendations for protein intake. Inflated recommendations for the ratio of protein and non-protein calories. Over-recommended animal protein intake (38%). Inflated recommendations for saturated fat intake Recommendations for dietary changes Reduce calories from fat (actually - up to 28%). Reduce saturated fat intake by no more than 10%. Reduce animal proteins to 30% of total proteins. Reduce alcohol as a source of energy in the diet When building a diet, it is very important to take into account national nutritional patterns. If for a number of centuries the ancestors ate certain foods, then the digestive enzyme system adapted to their breakdown. For example, the incidence of lactase deficiency is low among the population of countries where milk and dairy products have been present in the diet for a very long time (Denmark - 3%, Sweden - 7.7%), but it is high among the population of countries where milk is used in the diet relatively recently (.

It is known that the inhabitants of Belarus and Ukraine prefer pork, and the inhabitants of Uzbekistan prefer lamb.. Young low-fat lamb is widely used in therapeutic diets of medical institutions of Uzbekistan, while in Russia - only beef.

Analysis of the food basket in different countries reveals significant differences. For example, in Germany the most favorite foods are butter, fruits, vegetables and juices, meat products (sausages, etc.).. ), coffee, alcohol. Women are more likely to drink alcohol. In the UK, tea ranks first in terms of consumer consumption..

Men prefer pastries, butter, milk and soft drinks, while women prefer soft drinks, milk, alcohol, butter and pastries. In the diet of the inhabitants of Spain, vegetable oils and legumes are in the lead.. Spanish women consume a lot of fish, milk, fruits and fresh meat, and men - milk, fish, vodka and fruits. Thus, there are differences in nutrition not only among residents of different countries, but also among the male and female population of these countries..

Principles of rational nutrition.

Rational nutrition should meet the needs of all types of nutrients.

WHO (“Nutrition and diet for healthy lifestyle in Europe”, 2000) gives recommendations on the “healthy diet” of the European population, shown in Table. 10. They specify not only the composition of the diet, but also the level of physical activity - it should provide energy consumption 1.75 times greater than the level of basic metabolism.. It is recommended to aim for average BMI values \u200b\u200bin the population (21-22 kg/m2), while for individuals it is recommended to achieve a BMI in the range of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2.

Table 10. WHO recommendations for a “healthy diet” for the European population (2000) BMI 21-22 kg/m2 (for the population) Physical activity (RE/PHA) 1.75 Total fats Saturated fatty acids 55%* 400 g \u003e 25 g (about 3 g.

Of the minerals, particular importance is attached to reducing the consumption of sodium (table salt) and sufficient intake of iodine in the body..

In preventive nutrition aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality from noncommunicable diseases, WHO sets limits on the intake of essential nutrients, even lower sodium and cholesterol in the diet.

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In order to form the correct concept of proper nutrition among the population and individual work with patients, a visual and easy-to-use “nutrition pyramid” was created, which includes 5 food groups (Fig.. 10. 1). The division of products into groups was made depending on the primary source of which nutrients they are..

Rice. 10. Nutrition pyramid If, on average, the calorie content of food is 2000-2200 kcal per day, then the optimal diet (according to the nutrition pyramid) looks something like this.

The first group - the largest component (up to 40%) includes all kinds of cereals, rice, potatoes, bread and pasta. By weight, this is about 1.5 kg, but the choice of products is important: it is preferable, for example, unpolished cereals with a high content of dietary fiber or wholemeal bread.

The second group (35%) - vegetables and fruits, required in the amount of 400 g per day. This does not include pickled cucumbers, tomatoes, etc.. In any other form - frozen, dried, boiled - vegetables and fruits are absolutely acceptable.. At the same time, it is recommended to consume both vegetables and fruits during the day..

The third group - even less significant (20% of the total) - protein, about 200 g of any food: chicken, fish, meat, eggs, and alternative foods (legumes, nuts) is enough for healthy functioning. It is recommended to choose low-fat foods.

The fourth group - dairy products (milk, cheese, sour-milk products), are consumed in approximately the same volume.. It is also recommended to choose foods low in fat..

The fifth group - all types of fats and sweets - is the smallest, represents fats, oils, high-fat foods (sausages, fatty meats, pastries, etc.. ), as well as sugar and products with a high sugar content (sweets, sweetened drinks, syrups, etc.. The share of this group should not exceed 5%.

Group of Servings per Day Serving Sizes 1 - Bread, Cereals, Potatoes 5-14 1 Slice of Bread / Toast / 1/2 Bun 1 Potato 1/2 Cup Rice or Pasta, Crumbly Cereals 4 tbsp. tablespoons cereal, muesli 2 - fruits and vegetables 5-9 1/2 cup cooked / fresh chopped vegetables 1 cup raw leafy vegetables 1 fruit 1/2 cup berries / cooked (canned) fruit 3/4 cup juice 3/4 cup dried fruit 3. tablespoons of nuts and seeds 5 - fats, fatty and sweet foods 0-1-4 1 serving (tablespoon) of butter, margarine, mayonnaise, etc.. (bacon, sausages, lard, hot dog, etc.. ) sugar (confectionery, soft drinks) Liquid 68 glasses per day Alcohol \u003c 14 units. per week - women \u003c 21 units. per week - men (1 unit. - 90 g of wine, 330 g of beer, 30 g of cognac or vodka) For the convenience of calculating the diet, a system of food portions has been created (table. 10. 3).

Depending on a number of indicators - the patient's age, gender, physical activity, body weight (presence of obesity), etc.. - the number of servings is modified within the specified limits.

Despite the apparent simplicity and approximation, the calculation of the content of the main nutrients in the diet according to the portion system is quite accurate and greatly facilitates both the work of a dietitian and the calculation of the diet by the patient himself..

medbe. en.