Segmental pneumonia is a disease in which the inflammatory process affects one or more segments of the lungs.. Often the disease occurs in children aged 3 to 7 years, but sometimes develops in adults and older children..
The disease is common in children. Right-sided segmental pneumonia is a fairly common disease.. It requires proper diagnosis and adequate therapy, as it has a potential lethality.. Left-sided segmental pneumonia, due to the peculiarities of the structure of the lungs, is less common.
Of all acute inflammation of the lungs, the segmental form accounts for 25% (only focal pneumonia is more often diagnosed). In 95% of cases, the disease is unilateral, only 5% of the lungs are affected on both sides..
Features of the anatomical structure of the lungs Bronchopulmonary segments are sections of the lung tissue that are part of the lobe. They are supplied with blood by the segmental branches of the pulmonary arteries, and ventilation occurs due to their own segmental bronchi.. Each lung is made up of segments.
The lungs make up segments, united into lobes Segments of the upper lobe of the lungs:.
Right lung.
Left lung.
Front.
Rear.
Rear.
Front.
Apical.
Upper reed.
- Inferior reed.
- apical.
The middle lobe of the right lung consists of a lateral and medial segment.
The lower lobe of both lungs is divided into the following segments:.
anterior basal;
medial basal;
lateral basal;
posterior basal;
upper.
Classification of pathologySegmental pneumonia can be:.
primary: occurs as an independent disease;
secondary: is a complication of another illness, such as the flu.
According to the prevalence of the pathological process, pneumonia, as a nosological unit, is classified as follows:.
The form.
Peculiarities.
Segmental.
The inflammatory process affects one of the segments of the lungs, while not covering the whole lobe.
polysegmental.
A functional feature of this form of the disease is the defeat of several segments at the same time.
Causes of pneumonia Segmental inflammation of the lungs develops as a result of infection in the body. Most often, it penetrates by airborne droplets, when a person inhales air with particles of sputum, in which pathogenic microbes are localized..
Most often, the infection is transmitted by airborne droplets. Also, pathogenic microorganisms can penetrate by aspiration, descend from the nasopharynx.. In rare cases, pathogens enter the area of \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200binflammation from foci of chronic infection (transferred along with the blood). Microorganisms that cause atypical forms of pathology can enter the body through oral-genital contact..
Most often, the causative agent of primary segmental pneumonia is:.
bacteria: pneumococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae. Mixed infections are often observed, in which several types of bacteria are combined at once.;
viruses: influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus.
Atypical pathogens include mycoplasmas, legionella, chlamydia.
Trigger factors Factors that increase the likelihood of developing the disease include:.
exudative catarrhal diathesis in children;
smoking;
frequent hypothermia;
Chronical bronchitis;
decreased general or local immunity.
Symptoms Both in an adult and in a child, the disease begins with an increase in body temperature, the value of this indicator can cross the mark of 39–40 ° C. The patient has symptoms of intoxication in the form of fatigue, body aches, headache, fatigue, drowsiness, sweating. Children may experience confusion and seizures.
The disease usually begins with a sharp increase in body temperature. On the second or third day after the onset of the disease, the patient develops a short, rare cough.. It is accompanied by pain in the epigastric region and in the chest.. The patient has pain behind the sternum, which intensifies when inhaling or exhaling.
With a polysegmental form of the disease, the symptoms are more pronounced.. There is tachycardia and shortness of breath in the absence of physical exertion. Also, with this form of pneumonia, respiratory failure quickly develops.. Choking occurs when the patient is unable to inhale or exhale normally.
The disease can turn into a chronic sluggish form. At the same time, there are practically no pronounced signs of the disease.. In severe cases, without timely medical attention, death can occur..
Diagnosis Approximately one in four patients in the first days of the disease, the symptoms are not so pronounced, so it is quite difficult to identify segmental lung disease. In other cases, the doctor may suspect the disease by detecting bronchial breathing, a shortened percussion sound, or moist fine bubbling rales..
If pneumonia is suspected, the doctor performs auscultation of the lungs. An x-ray image helps to determine the diagnosis, it shows homogeneous intense shadows that resemble a triangle in shape and have clearly defined boundaries. In the blood test, there is an increase in the number of leukocytes and an increased ESR.
Differential diagnosis Segmental inflammation of the lungs is differentiated with the following pathologies:.
pulmonary tuberculosis;
pulmonary infarction;
primary and metastatic cancer;
foreign body in the bronchi;
other forms of pneumonia (interstitial, focal).
How to treat segmental pneumonia The main goal of treating pneumonia is:.
destruction of the pathogen that caused the development of the disease;
decrease in intoxication;
resorption of foci of inflammation in the lungs.
In most cases, segmental lung disease is treated at home.. Hospitalization is subject to patients in whom previous treatment was ineffective, as well as patients with a high risk of complications (especially children and the elderly).
Antibiotic therapy Immediately after the diagnosis is established, the patient is prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics: penicillins, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins. They contribute to the elimination of infection in the body.
In an uncomplicated course of the disease, oral antibiotics are used; in mild forms of the disease, drugs are prescribed in the form of tablets or suspensions for oral administration.. In other cases, drugs are used in the form of intramuscular or intravenous injections..
Additional medical treatments In order to eliminate airway obstruction, mucolytic and expectorant drugs are prescribed.. They contribute to the liquefaction and removal of sputum from the bronchial tract, without increasing its amount.. This allows you to get rid of such a symptom as a cough, and helps to cope with the inflammatory process..
To eliminate body aches, reduce pain and lower body temperature, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used: Ibuprofen, Nimesil, Panadol.
In severe forms of the disease, hormonal drugs are prescribed: Prednisolone, Dexamethasone, Mometasone. To stop intoxication, infusions of saline solutions, detoxification agents, glucose can be carried out.. The resorption of infiltrative changes is facilitated by the introduction of calcium chloride..
Non-drug therapyTreatment of segmental pneumonia is supplemented with physiotherapeutic methods (UHF, drug electrophoresis, UVI). In order to improve bronchial drainage, massage and breathing exercises are used..
Massage helps to restore lung functionDuring the treatment period, the patient must stay in bed, eat right and lead a healthy lifestyle.
It is necessary to give up bad habits, especially smoking, as this can cause complications and worsen the prognosis.
In mild to moderate forms of the disease, with proper treatment, recovery usually occurs within three weeks..
Complications If the treatment of the disease is not started on time, the patient may experience the following complications:.
pleurisy (serous and fibrinous);
lung abscess;
obstructive syndrome;
pleural empyema.
The accumulation in tissues and blood of toxins produced by bacteria or viruses that caused inflammation can lead to the development of complications that affect the nervous or cardiovascular system: neurotoxicosis, acute heart failure, collapse.
Segmental inflammation of the lungs - an insidious disease. Since in some cases its clinical picture is blurred, careful diagnosis and competent treatment are required.. Therefore, if you suspect the development of pathology, it is necessary to seek advice from a pulmonologist, therapist or pediatrician as soon as possible..
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