Pineal hormones are biologically active substances that are produced by the pineal gland (pineal gland, pineal body). The gland resembles a bump in structure, belongs to the diffuse endocrine system and is located in the region of the quadrigemina of the midbrain, between the bridge and the diencephalon.

The pineal gland, or pineal gland, is part of the brain The pineal gland is composed predominantly of pinealocytes, or pineal cells, which are its main secretory cells. The functional role of the pineal gland is still not well understood.. Just like the pituitary and hypothalamus, it produces trigger hormones - biologically active substances that affect other endocrine glands and the body as a whole..

Functions of pineal hormones Biologically active substances that are synthesized by the pineal gland inhibit the bioelectric activity of the brain.

What hormones does the pineal gland produce?.

biologically active substance.

Explanation and function.

Melatonin.

The main hormone of the gland, the regulator of circadian rhythms.

Serotonin.

One of the main neurotransmitters in the body.

Adrenoglomerulotropin.

Influences the secretory activity of the adrenal glands.

Dimethyltryptamine.

Acts as a serotonin receptor agonist, psychedelic.

With inadequate sleep and wakefulness and a violation of the production of biologically active substances by the pineal gland, a person may develop arterial hypertension, heart disorders, and diabetes mellitus.. In addition, such a daily routine is conducive to obesity..

To restore functional changes in the epiphysis, it is necessary to eliminate factors that have a negative impact on the functioning of the gland:.

Get enough sleep at night and stay awake during the day.

Eliminate prolonged work at the computer and excess artificial lighting.

Avoid head injury.

Melatonin The pineal gland secretes melatonin into the blood, which is produced from serotonin and is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms.. The substance practically does not affect the depth of sleep. The pineal gland is the main source of melatonin in the human body (it produces approximately 80% of this substance), in addition, melatonin is produced in the gastrointestinal tract (in particular, in the cells of the appendix) and a number of other organs..

The synthesis of melatonin is blocked by bright light, the effect of which on the gland occurs through the nerve pathways that are part of the photoneuroendocrine system.. Melatonin is characterized by diurnal concentration fluctuations. Its maximum level is observed between 00:00 and 05:00. In summer, less melatonin is produced, in winter. The change in the rhythm of production occurs when moving to other time zones.

With a normal day regimen (with sleep at night), at night a person produces 70% of the total daily production of melatonin.. With insufficient sleep duration, its synthesis at night decreases, approaches the daytime level..

The functions of melatonin include:.

blood pressure regulation;

decreased mental and physical activity;

growth retardation and sexual development in children;

increased production of antibodies;

slowing down aging;

participation in the regulation of the functions of the thyroid gland and thymus;

inhibition of the production of gonadotropins, as well as other hormones of the anterior pituitary gland;

decrease in the concentration of glucose and cholesterol in the blood;

improving learning ability;

antioxidant action.

Melatonin is one of the few hormones that have both nuclear and membrane receptors.. Its transport is carried out through serum albumin, after release from which melatonin binds to receptors located on the membrane of target cells, penetrates into the cell nucleus, where it performs its action.. Hydrolyzed in the liver and excreted in the urine.

With age, due to a decrease in the activity of the pineal gland, the level of melatonin decreases, which leads to the appearance of age-related sleep disorders (superficial sleep, insomnia). Also, a violation of melatonin secretion can occur against the background of stress, a long stay in front of a computer monitor..

Violation of the synthesis of melatonin causes the following conditions:.

weekend insomnia;

insomnia due to shift work;

delayed sleep phase syndrome;

jetlag (time zone change syndrome);

daytime sleepiness;

nightmares;

deterioration of the skin, hair;

depressive states.

Serotonin Serotonin is one of the main neurotransmitters, it is also known as the “hormone of happiness” or “hormone of good mood”. Sunlight is needed to produce serotonin. It inhibits the release of norepinephrine.

Serotonin is involved in the regulation of vascular tone, as well as (together with dopamine) in the regulation of the hormonal function of the pituitary gland by the hypothalamus..

Plays an important role in the processes of blood coagulation:.

increases the functional activity of platelets;

increases the tendency of platelets to form clots;

stimulates the production of clotting factors by the liver.

A large amount of serotonin is also produced in the intestine and is involved in the regulation of secretion and motility of the digestive tract, in particular, increases secretory activity and peristalsis..

Serotonin is found in large quantities in the uterus and a number of other organs and tissues; it is involved in the coordination of labor. In men, serotonin, when its level in the blood increases, can delay the onset of ejaculation..

Serotonin is involved in the development of allergic and inflammatory reactions:.

increases the permeability of blood vessels;

enhances the migration of leukocytes to the focus of inflammation;

increases the number of eosinophils in the blood.

Winter lack of ultraviolet radiation, necessary for the synthesis of serotonin, can lead to the development of seasonal depression.. A decrease in the level of the hormone in the blood can lead to increased sensitivity to pain, the development of migraine.

The pineal gland produces the " This can occur with the simultaneous use of antidepressants that belong to the classes of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, as well as drugs. At the same time, a person has mental disorders, neuromuscular disorders, signs of autonomic dysfunction, and a fatal outcome is possible..

The amino acid tryptophan, from which serotonin is produced, is found in dairy products, soy, dark chocolate, plums, tomatoes, dried fruits..

AdrenoglomerulotropinAdrenoglomerulotropin is a pineal gland hormone that is formed as a result of the biotransformation of melatonin.. Among the main target cells of this substance, cells of the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex are distinguished.

Adrenoglomerulotropin stimulates the synthesis of aldosterone, which is the main mineralocorticoid in humans (not in all vertebrates).

The psychoactive effects of adrenoglomerulotropin on humans are not fully understood..

Dimethyltryptamine Dimethyltryptamine is an endogenous psychedelic substance produced in small amounts by the pineal gland during REM sleep..

This substance in certain concentrations can cause visual and auditory hallucinations, impaired perception of time and space, an altered state of consciousness. The results obtained by performers in separate studies suggest that dimethyltryptamine is used by the human body to create the visual effects of natural dreams..

Dimethyltryptamine is synthesized from the proteinogenic amino acid L-tryptophan and is structurally similar to serotonin..

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