Polyps in the rectum are benign epithelial neoplasms located on the walls of the intestine and growing in its lumen..

Polyps in the rectum are a common pathology They are found in 7.5% of adult patients during sigmoidoscopy. But doctors believe that there are much more people with such a disease, since it is almost asymptomatic.. According to some reports, neoplasms in the rectum are found at autopsy in 30% of patients..

Polyps in the intestines are considered a fairly dangerous precancerous disease, which means that they often degenerate into malignant tumors.. They are most common in people who eat large amounts of fatty foods..

Classification Depending on the histological structure, these neoplasms are classified as follows:.

Type of polyps.

Description.

glandular.

Fibrous polyps of the rectum develop from glandular tissue and occur in approximately 20% of patients.. In most cases, they look like a mushroom on a wide stalk, but they can also have a branched or spherical shape..

Villous (adenomatous).

This type of growth is also formed from epithelial tissue.. They are knots on short wide legs or spread along the walls of the rectum.. Villous (hairy) polyps are rich in blood vessels, therefore they have a bright red color.. The size of these formations can reach 3 cm.. They often ulcerate and bleed. In 40% of cases, these growths are malignant..

Hyperplastic.

They are small cysts, which are based on tubular recesses of the intestinal epithelium.. These are small neoplasms, the size of which does not exceed 0.5 cm.. They have a soft texture and rise slightly above the surface of the mucous membrane, so the disease in most cases is asymptomatic..

Fibrous polyps are quite dense and practically do not differ in color from the mucous membrane.. They can reach 2-3 centimeters in diameter.. Such neoplasms practically do not bleed and ulcers do not appear on their surface, but in some cases they can degenerate into a malignant tumor..

Neoplasms can have a different histological structure. Depending on the number of neoplasms, they are classified as follows:.

diffuse: their occurrence is observed in familial polyposis, they are almost impossible to count;

single: most often it is one growth of a large size;

multiple: usually polyps grow in groups (in some cases chaotically).

Causes The reasons for the appearance of such neoplasms include:.

chronic bowel disease (proctosigmoiditis, colitis, ulcerative colitis). These pathologies cause degenerative changes in the rectal mucosa, which leads to the formation of polyps.;

acute infectious diseases (salmonellosis, dysentery, rotavirus infection). If they cannot be stopped in the acute period, then structural changes occur in the mucous membrane and the integrity of cellular structures is violated, which later becomes a prerequisite for the formation of growths;

hypodynamia. A sedentary lifestyle leads to stagnation, as a result of which the outflow of lymphatic fluid and venous blood is disturbed and edema occurs. This is all aggravated by constipation and forms changes in the rectum for the subsequent formation of neoplasms.;

malnutrition. Often neoplasms in the intestines are formed with the frequent use of fatty foods and fast food.. The use of such food causes indigestion and has a negative effect on the mucous membrane.;

hormonal disorders. They occur as a result of endocrine diseases or during menopause in women.

Symptoms of polyps in the rectum Small formations do not cause any unpleasant symptoms in the patient, they can be detected during the examination, which is carried out to diagnose other pathologies. A growth that has reached a large size can manifest itself. In this case, there are signs that are characteristic of other intestinal pathologies..

Stool upsetThis problem appears already at an early stage of the disease. A person has prolonged constipation, as a polyp growing in the intestinal lumen prevents the exit of feces.

Initially, constipation is rare and is replaced by diarrhea.. Loose stools are the result of irritation of the mucous membrane.

One of the symptoms of the pathology is a disorder of the stool. In the future, the patient encounters constipation more and more often, and as the intestines fill with polyps, they become longer. Often it is with this problem that a person goes to the doctor, because he begins to go to the toilet 1-2 times a week..

Discomfort in the area of \u200b\u200bthe rectum When tissues grow to medium or large sizes, the formation begins to put pressure on the intestinal wall. Its cavity gradually narrows, and the person begins to feel discomfort in the rectum or on the side of the pubis. Initially, this feeling occurs periodically during the movement of peristaltic waves in the intestines..

If the neoplasms reach large sizes, while the person suffers from constipation, then he constantly experiences discomfort..

Pain in the abdomen Pain in the lower abdomen is considered a late symptom indicating the presence of pathology.. Pain occurs when the neoplasm increases significantly and fills the intestinal lumen, which in turn causes constipation..

Fecal masses collect in intestinal loops and stretch the walls, which is the cause of pain.. They can also be provoked by accumulated gases..

Mucus and blood in the stool The presence of blood and mucus in the stool is one of the most common signs of pathology. The reason for this is hypersecretion of glands of the mucous membrane. They produce mucus that moisturizes the rectum and facilitates the passage of stool..

The growth, which is located on the mucous membrane, is an irritant and provokes excessive secretion of mucus that accumulates in the intestine. If it is not excreted for a long time as a result of constipation, then it becomes a breeding ground for pathogenic bacteria.. Therefore, during bowel movements, mucopurulent discharge can be observed..

When the integrity of the blood vessels is violated, blood appears in the feces. Initially, it looks like small stripes on the surface of the stool.. But with necrosis of the polyp or its pinching, bleeding can be significant..

DiagnosisIn the diagnosis of the disease, the following methods are used:.

Diagnostic methods.

Description.

Finger examination.

This is a mandatory primary diagnostic method that allows you to study the structure of tissues in the region of the anus in a segment of about 10 cm. The doctor evaluates the condition of the sphincters, the patency of the anal canal, detects formations and determines the elasticity and mobility of the mucous membrane. Also, during the examination, the specialist detects the presence of blood or mucus..

Sigmoidoscopy.

Using a sigmoidoscope (a hollow endoscopic tube equipped with a video camera), the large intestine is examined. The device is inserted through the anus and the folds of the rectum are straightened with the help of air..

This method allows you to assess the condition of the mucous membrane, as well as to identify pathological changes.. If a growth is detected, a biopsy is done (tissue is taken for examination).

X-ray of the intestine.

If the diagnosis of neoplasms is difficult, a contrast agent that absorbs X-rays is injected into the intestinal cavity.. After filling the intestines, overview and sighting pictures are taken. In the photo you can see the growth.

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