Sinusitis is a type of sinusitis - inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which most often develops as a result of infection in them.

Depending on the affected area, there are:.

sinusitis (another name - maxillitis, maxillary sinusitis): inflammation develops in the maxillary sinuses;

frontitis: the most severe form of pathology, the inflammatory process takes place in the frontal sinus;

ethmoiditis: infection develops in the cavities of the ethmoid bone;

sphenoiditis: inflammation of the sphenoid sinus, usually occurs in combination with ethmoiditis and is the most difficult to diagnose form of the disease.

To diagnose the disease and prescribe adequate treatment, you need to consult an otolaryngologist. In the absence of timely treatment of sinusitis, various complications are possible, including meningitis, otitis media, adenoiditis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, nephropathy and others.

The main causes of the development of the disease are bacterial and viral infections that enter the maxillary sinus through the blood or nasal cavity, through pathological processes that occur in the periapical regions of the upper teeth. Sinusitis can also be a complication of influenza or SARS (acute respiratory viral infection).

Sinusitis is characterized by typical symptoms - headache, excessive nose discharge, fever. Inflammation provokes a violation of the outflow of secretion secreted by the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus. This, in turn, leads to the development of pathology. Mucus under the influence of pathogenic microbes turns into pus. In the absence of timely treatment, sinusitis becomes chronic.

At the initial stages of treatment, inhalations, rinsing and instillation of the nasal cavity are prescribed. To properly carry out these procedures at home, it is better to consult a doctor, get acquainted with thematic photos or videos. If sinusitis has not passed within 7-10 days, antibacterial drugs are used that allow you to get rid of the infection and cleanse the maxillary sinuses from accumulated pus.

How to choose the most effective antibiotic for sinusitis Antibacterial therapy should be prescribed by an otolaryngologist (ENT), since he will be able to determine whether it should be carried out and select the most effective drug. For this purpose, the doctor collects information about the history of the disease, takes into account the results of the tests, the patient’s age, the presence of allergies, takes into account information about previously taken antibacterial agents.

Antibiotics should not be used without a doctor's prescription. Based on the findings, the ENT prescribes an antibiotic to the patient for which there are no contraindications or allergies, and the causative agent is most sensitive.. Most new-generation antibiotics have a wide spectrum of activity and are active against almost all bacteria that cause ENT diseases. In this regard, the need for bacterial inoculation to establish a specific causative agent of the disease arises only in those cases when there is no effect with ongoing drug treatment.

Penicillin preparations are among the safest antibiotics for the treatment of maxillitis, however, due to their long-term use, many bacteria have developed resistance to them.

Antibiotics are available in a variety of dosage forms, including tablets, nasal wash solutions, sprays, drops, injectable solutions. Independent choice of the drug is not recommended, since it may be ineffective and even aggravate the patient’s condition.

Contraindications for antibiotic therapy for sinusitis Most of the broad spectrum antibacterial agents are contraindicated or used with extreme caution in the following cases:.

pathology of the kidneys and / or liver;

cardiovascular diseases;

allergic, fungal or viral sinusitis;

children under 12 years old;

pregnancy;

breastfeeding;

hypersensitivity to the components that make up the antibiotic.

A detailed list of absolute and relative contraindications is indicated in the instructions for the drug.

Possible side effects in the treatment with antibiotics With the right selection of an antibacterial agent, the patient's condition improves in a short time. However, even with a suitable drug, side effects such as:.

swelling of the throat or face;

shortness of breath;

rash, redness, and other skin manifestations;

fainting;

increased dizziness;

disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

It is important in case of adverse reactions to consult a doctor in a timely manner. Self-selection of drugs in such cases, without taking into account their possible interaction with the antibiotic taken, can lead to the development of serious complications.

A detailed list of possible side effects is indicated in the instructions for use of the drug.

Groups of antibacterial drugs Antibiotics are substances of synthetic, semi-synthetic or natural origin that inhibit the growth of living cells.

By the nature of the effect on the bacterial cell, they are divided into two groups:.

bactericidal: when they are taken, bacteria die and are excreted;

bacteriostatic: bacteria after the use of such agents remain alive, but their reproduction becomes impossible.

The following antibacterial agents are distinguished by the chemical structure:.

Lactam: a group of antibiotics that contain in the structure? lactam ring. They are divided into penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and monobactams.. Penicillins produce Penicillium mold colonies. Cephalosporins are similar in structure and are used for penicillin-resistant bacteria.. The structure of carbapenems is more resistant to? -lactamases than penicillins and cephalosporins, due to which they have a wider spectrum of action;

macrolides: have a bacteriostatic effect, have a complex cyclic structure;

tetracyclines: bacteriostatic antibiotics used to treat urinary and respiratory infections, severe infections such as brucellosis, tularemia and anthrax;

aminoglycosides: have a bactericidal effect, are highly toxic. They are used for severe infections (blood poisoning, peritonitis);

chloramphenicol: have a bacteriostatic effect, their use is limited, because against the background of their intake, damage to the bone marrow producing blood cells is possible;

glycopeptides: disrupt the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, have a bactericidal effect, but act bacteriostatically with respect to enterococci, some streptococci and staphylococci;

lincosamides: by inhibiting protein synthesis by ribosomes have a bacteriostatic effect. When taken in high concentrations, a bactericidal effect against highly sensitive microorganisms may occur.;

anti-TB drugs: antibiotics active against Koch's bacillus;

antibiotics of different groups (Heliomycin, Fusidin-sodium, Rifamycin and others);

antifungal antibiotics: have a lytic effect, destroy the membrane of fungal cells and cause their death;

anti-leprosy agents (Diutsifon, Solyusulfon, Diaphenylsulfon).

Cephalosporins are prescribed only for severe sinusitis, when the use of other antibiotics was ineffective.

Macrolides, penicillins, fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins are used to treat sinusitis with antibiotics in adults and children..

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