Violation of venous outflow of the brain occurs with arachnoiditis (inflammation of the subarachnoid space) and thrombosis of the upper sagittal sinus. The outflow of venous blood from the deep regions of the brain is much less associated with the subarachnoid space than the outflow of venous blood from the surface areas. In addition, the venous outflow from the deep zones of the brain is disturbed if the process is localized in the area of ??the cervical cistern and if the tissues are squeezed.
Violation of venous outflow of the brain is observed in the following diseases and conditions:.
heart failure;.
pulmonary insufficiency;.
compression of veins located outside the skull (jugular, upper hollow, nameless);.
tumor processes in the brain;.
thrombosis of the brain vessels;.
compression of the veins with edema of the brain and craniostenosis;.
removal;.
choking of newborns.
When venous outflow is disturbed, symptoms of venous stasis.
Thrombosis of the veins of the brain develops against the background of the existing inflammatory process (thrombophlebitis) or in the absence of inflammation (deep vein thrombosis). However, to distinguish these conditions from external clinical manifestations is not easy.
Thrombosis of superficial veins of the brain has the following clinical picture:.
neurological signs are combined with symptoms of inflammation (chills, fever, signs of inflammation in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid);.
in the vast majority of cases - headache;.
often - nausea and vomiting;.
loss of consciousness, which is sometimes combined with increased excitability;.
focal lesions of the brain (paresis, paralysis of arms and legs, epileptic seizure, speech disorders and t. ), with thrombosis of superficial veins, mobility of focal manifestations is observed; this is due to the fact that the process is localized in one or another venous trunk.
The reasons for which these symptoms manifest themselves can be hemorrhagic cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage or in the subarachnoid region, ischemia or cerebral edema. Most cases of thrombophlebitis of superficial cerebral veins occur in women immediately after childbirth. At the given condition in a liquor blood admixtures are found out.
With thrombosis of the deep veins of the brain and the veins of Galen, especially severe clinical manifestations. In most cases, patients fall into a coma, pronounced cerebral disorders, weakening of the trunk and subcortical area of ??the brain. Diagnosis of disease in a living person is extremely difficult. The doctor should pay special attention to the progression of cerebral symptoms in combination with a picture of thrombophlebitis of the extremities or local inflammations in the body that occur, say, after childbirth, abortion, in diseases of the ears and paranasal sinuses, at the time of various infections.
Thrombosis of the sinuses of the hard shell of the brain is accompanied by the following symptoms:.
headache;.
meningeal syndrome;.
swelling of the face and scalp;.
fever (not always);.
blooming of consciousness (from stupor to coma).
When diagnosing a disease, attention is drawn to the condition of the fundus, on which there may be stagnant phenomena. In the blood, the number of leukocytes increases, the cerebrospinal fluid is transparent or xanthochromic, in some cases - with an increased content of lymphocytes. The localization of neurological manifestations depends on which vein is affected.
Sigmoid sinus thrombosis is a common complication of purulent otitis, as well as mastoiditis. The characteristic signs of this disease are the following:.
pain and swelling in the mastoid process of the temporal bone;.
painfulness with chewing movements and attempts to turn the head into the unaffected side.
When thrombosis of the sigmoid sinus is often observed septic manifestations. If the inflammation captures the jugular vein, the ninth, tenth and eleventh nerves are affected.
Cavernous sinus thrombosis is the most common type of cerebrovascular disease. As a rule, it is provoked by an inflammatory purulent process in the paranasal sinuses, the ears, the facial part of the head. Attention to obvious signs of inflammation, as well as symptoms indicating a violation of venous outflow of the brain:.
periorbital edema;.
bulging eyes;.
edema of the conjunctiva and eyelids;.
stagnant phenomena on the fundus, at times - with atrophy of the optic nerves.
Due to the violation of the functions of the oculomotor, block and nerve nerves, paralysis of the ocular musculature occurs. There are ptosis, changes in pupils. Painful sensations in the eyeball, a violation of sensitivity in the region of the supraorbital nerve indicate the defeat of the trigeminal nerve.
In some cases, thrombosis of the cavernous sinus is bilateral, and then the disease becomes particularly severe with the possibility of transition to the adjacent sinuses. There have been cases when thrombosis of the cavernous sinus occurred in a subacute form, as well as in an aseptic form (with hypertension and atherosclerosis).
Clinical manifestations of thrombosis of the superior longitudinal sinus may be different and depend on the causes, the rate of progression of the disease, the particular area of ??the sinus affected by thrombosis, and also how much of the sine flowing into the sinus is involved in the process. Severe septic thrombosis occurs.
Typical symptoms of upper sinus thrombosis are:.
swelling of veins, located in the area of ??eyelids, nose, temples, forehead, crown;.
swelling in the listed areas;.
bleeding from the nose;.
painful sensations when tapping the parasagittal zone.
Neurological symptoms are also observed:.
manifestations of increased intracranial pressure;.
convulsions, which often begin with an ankle;.
sometimes - paralysis of only the lower or all limbs.
Young children and elderly people have a sinus thrombosis associated with debilitating diseases.
There are also infectious thromboses of the brain veins, which are complicated by abscess, meningitis, encephalitis.
If you need treatment for venous outflow, consult a neurologist or infectious disease specialist.
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