Recently, the National Union of Architects of Ukraine (NSAU) presented the project “Regeneration of the Lybed River in Kyiv”, developed by students and teachers of the National Academy of Fine Arts and Architecture under the leadership of the Vice President of NSAU Elena Oliynyk. It would seem that another thesis, but the project hooked a more important problem: is it possible to restore the original nature in the modern metropolis? And if not, then how to revive the LEAD River, whose origin has come from the time of the founding of Kyiv? Is it possible in principle? How it is done in the world?
[see_also ids \u003d "
Nature chained in concrete.
Kyiv is an archipelago spread among rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, bays, ducts, canals, sources and even swamps (look at least at the map). But we do not see the majority, for example, rivers and streams - they are hidden in collectors and tunnels. So, the river Khreshchatyk and the river gluing the Slobochitsa are flowing under "
The exact number of water bodies of Kyiv is unknown. Rumor has it that there are more than seven hundred, but the first official document of our time is the order of the Kyiv City State Administration dated February 4, 2009 No. 111 “On the transfer to the balance and consolidation of water bodies and the registration of the water fund of the Water Fund for KP. Kyiv " It was the “Pleso” was formed by the decision of Kyivns in 1995, but his present, and not the collective “father”, was a deputy of the first convocation Nikolai Skepets (remember him with a kind word), who spent (struck) through Rada, organized the Communist Party and became its first director.
If you ask which river, besides the Dnieper, flows in Kyiv, then, probably, every passerby will say: Lybed. Although not all Kievans saw her in kind, everyone knows about her existence. Or maybe this is for the better that they did not see, because the appearance of her, named in honor of the sister of the founders of the city - Kiya, the cheek and Khoriva, is simply terrible.
Like most Kyiv rivers, not to mention streams, it was stuck in concrete shackles due to industrialization: the construction of giant factories, the development of the road network and the railway and the construction of housing for the proletariat serving the needs of the socialist-industrial capital of Soviet Ukraine.
Lybed has a length of 17.1 km and goes around the central Kyiv hills on the southwest side. In the days of Kievan Rus it was a natural line that defended the city. In 1151, the Kiev prince Izyaslav Mstislavovich defeated here the army of Yuri Dolgoruky, who founded the lands of the Rostov-Suzdal Principality " Therefore, we can say with humor that this was the first military victory of the Kievites over the Muscovites. Although the founder of Moscow was a prince of Kyiv and was buried on the territory of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra near the Savior Church on Berest or simply in it (the exact place is unknown), few of the Russians know about this and realizes their place in history.
Since then, a lot of water has flowed from the skybies. The once navigable river, the former transport artery from the city center to the Dnieper, was taken to concrete collectors and gutter.
Of the 17.1 km, only 350 m flows in a natural channel, and this meager segment of the river, thanks to God and Kyiv, granted the status of a natural monument of local significance.
Officially, 19 tributaries fall into Lybed, the largest - rivers of buffoons, wet, cliffs (along with the tributary of Khreshchatyk), Protasov Yar, Stock and Orekhovatka. However, only the last two flow mainly in natural channels - the rest of the rivers and streams are hidden in collectors. And these are only official sources of water replenishment: in fact, many industrial and other “tributaries” are hidden into the river and its tributaries, the number of which is not known exactly. The owners and performers of these strokes need to be directly and frankly designated: Khobedi killers. It was because of them that in 2011 it was recognized as one of the dirtiest rivers in Europe. It can be expected that the situation is a little better now, but this is only because of the stop of many coastal enterprises.
Thus, Lybed, her “sons and daughters” on the surface of 66 square meters. km (pool area) not only hidden into underground collectors and concrete gutters, but also constantly poisoned various nasty things (chlorides, iron, potassium, sodium and banal solid household waste). Who? Yes, we ourselves, "
[see_also ids \u003d "
Is living nature possible in concrete jungle?
Of course, in a modern metropolis, a river with flood meadows, sandy beaches and green oaks is impossible. I will not even explain why. That is why the beaches of the Left Bank and the Dnieper Islands are a unique exception to this rule that we need to protect as a priceless gift of nature. But there are known corners of a restored nature in an urbanized environment for the whole world. They received the status of public spaces, where the main elements are not artificial man -made design, but trees, herbs, animals, birds and... water.
The most resonant and vivid example is the Chong-Gi-Chong river in Seoul.
The main canvas of many stories about this world famous case is this. Around the Chon River for many centuries, the capital of Korea has grown (subsequently South). And in the XV century, the king there decided that the river should become a city sewer manifold (in modern terminology): the population will take clean water from its twenty tributaries, and the dirty along with the products of life - to drop it into Chon. For this, the river began to be deepened, and it began to be called Chong-Gi-Chong, which means "
It is good or bad, it is difficult to say, because a similar scheme of water supply and drainage existed, probably, in all the big cities of the world that stood on the rivers. In London, for example, back in the 19th century, sewage of unpeeled waters in the Thames was dropped, which is why it was difficult to breathe in the surrounding quarters. In Kyiv, the first cleansing structures (sumps) appeared in 1894, but the place for them was chosen extremely imprudently - above Kyiv along the Dnieper, as much as Kurenevka. After the cholera epidemic in 1907, which arose because of this, the sumps were moved downstream, under the bald mountain, and the sewer collector laid... in the floodplain of Lybia. In addition, around 1870, the first ways of the railway-Kiev-Balta and Kursk-Kievskaya were laid near the river.. So, Lybed felt the harsh anthropogenic pressure of progress more than 150 ago. In addition, the mentioned sumps were destroyed in 1918 by the explosion of artillery warehouses on Lysya Gora, so the products of the vital activity of the Kievites rushed into the Dnieper without any purification (as in London). About how many years it continued, the story of Kyivvodokanal is silent. The only thing that can be said for sure: the now scandalously known Bortnitsky Aeration Station earned only in 1965.
About the same thing happened with the Chon-Gi-Chong River, but it played the role of the unheated sewer collector Seoul (in fact it was a brutal sewage ditch) for five hundred years.
Finally, in 1955, slums were demolished on its shores (and where else was the poor to settle? ), the river was driven into the collector, and a two -level (with overpass) four -lane highway almost 6 km long was laid on top, which passed through the entire central part of the city (almost like our baptism, only without overpass). It was very practical and very non -ecological.
And in 2001, a candidate appeared in the elections of the mayor of Seoul, a certain Moon Buck, who in the election program proposed to demolish this highway and revive the Chong-Gi-Chong River in its natural state. He won the elections (as later presidential), and the work on the revitalization of the river and the restructuring of the district around the industrial to the fashionable ended in 2005. The channel and the river turned into a public space, a recreation area and a magnet for tourists. Millions of Seouls and visitors visit this place annually.
Of course, the river did not return the form that it had five hundred years ago, but fish and newtons divorced it, birds and other living creatures appeared around, trees and shrubs were planted, which together creates a feeling of “nature in concrete jungle”. But not everything is as simple as it might seem at first glance.
[see_also ids \u003d "
How much does a \?
Lee Mon Buck, although he came from a simple family, would not become a top manager of the Hyundai Corporation at 29, if he were a simpleton. Even before the announcement of his election program, the chip of which was the revival of the Chon-Gi-Chong River, he developed the Seoul transport model and calculated the consequences of the demolition of the central highway of the city. It is now well known that the development of the road transport network leads only to an increase in the number of cars and traffic jams (this truth has entered the textbooks). And then the idea to replace cars with public transport - buses and metro - seemed to revolutionary. So, whether the calculations of Mon Buck were justified: the number of trips by private cars in the city doubled. Accordingly, the number of harmful emissions from the car was reduced. For reference, in Kyiv before a big war, they made up the lion's share of air pollution.
How much this project cost? Approximately 323 million dollars. USA (at the rate of that time), and that's not all. Since in five hundred years the river has lost most power sources, it has grown very much, so they built a powerful pumping station, which constantly pumped water from the neighboring Khan River to Chong-Gi-Chun.
Only the cost of the electricity that this station consumes was at first 1.2 thousand. Doll. Of course, this is a meager amount for the Seoul budget, but the maintenance and maintenance (cleaning, security, caring for plants) of the entire complex of this, say, frankly, an artificial river is constantly growing up: as of 2010, its cost was $ 7.7 million. per year and probably grew further and will grow.
So, conclusions: there can be no talk of “revitalization” of the Chon-Gi-Chong River, in fact this is a new urban project, which served, in my opinion, information cover for large-scale reform of the road transport network of Seoul. Of course, calling for motorists to transfer to buses and metro is a priori electrically lost option, but the slogan “Restore the old river in the city center! »Extremely popular for the elections.
[see_also ids \u003d "
What can be done on the skybies.
The struggle of activists and ecologists for landscaping the city is generally correct, but we need to realize in what form these green zones will exist. Recently, the movement for the creation of eco -parks, where living nature should exist in its original form has become popular. For example, this is the initiators of the creation of the local eco -park " Well, this is possible, but then you need to fen the ponds with a six -meter fence, as in the Yanukovych Mezhigorye, in order to completely cut off the anthropogenic influence (in other words, “piplas”) from “untouched nature”. Of course, in this case the essence of such an object is lost, since the park implies primarily publicity - without people it loses its meaning. In another case, the corner of the “untouched nature” will serve only mothers with young children and men with a bottle of beer and... exclusively from neighboring houses. And in this park you need to lay tracks, plant trees, equip toilets, make lighting, provide parking platforms. What can I say, everyone understands it. That is, it is necessary to equip the public space.
As for the restoration of Lybia, the last few decades it was extremely popular to offer projects for its revision, but they were all episodic and unsystematic. Against this background, the complex project “Regeneration of the Lybed River in Kyiv”, presented in the NSAU, is a breakthrough. Its goal is to unite the natural and urban components in the city, to restore not the river itself, but to cultivate the space around it. Lybed is an axis of attraction, along which there are both cultural (Malevich quarter) and urban planning components (Packgauzes of Kyiv-Tovarny station, architecture monuments of public significance).
The project reflects all sections of the ski, the entire urban planning environment and, noteworthy, all structures are applied that fall into the coastal 25-meter security strip. Their being there rudely contradicts both the land and water codes of Ukraine, and all of them are subject to unconditional demolition. The plot near Lybeda Square looks especially flagrant, where the expansion of Ocean Plaza not only “pushes” a new designed road to Lybed, but also absorbs the legendary “plate” of Florian Yuryev (the Institute of Information) - a monument to Ukrainian architectural modernism. Therefore, remember the state of Ukraine in the person of Arma, who owns two thirds of shares, and businessman Andrei Ivanov (a third of the shares) who pushed (inflated, in my opinion, Kyivrada), a detailed planning project that provides for this particularly this.
[PICS_LR Left \u003d " JPG " jpg "
[PICS_LR Left \u003d " JPG " jpg "
[PICS_LR Left \u003d " JPG " jpg "
Part of the project of students and teachers of the NIAI.
So, to implement the project, which was developed by young students and experienced teachers of the NIAI, but you must first clean the banks of the skies, sheds and other Shanghai, accumulated on its shores over the decades. And also block all illegal pollutants into the river and its tributaries - a state traffic inspectorate, environmental prosecutor's office, au! Otherwise, without the rule of law on the restoration of a historical river, there can be no speech.
A reasonable question arises: will Lybed repeat the fate of Chon-Gi-Chong, which has become trivial and almost disappeared? That is, whether it is necessary to spend money on its restoration? Yes, you need! She retained the same wayward character as her “godmother”, which, according to legend, rejected all fans and eventually remained an old maid. So, the water level grows into a flood by 2–2.5 m, and the speed is four times. Lybed is alive!
[see_also ids \u003d "
There is one more - worldview! - Question: is it appropriate to consider this project during the big war? War of Ukraine for its existence. Whether we postpone our lives for later, when it becomes better, when scholarships and salaries grow, when we get an increase, we will end the institute, buy a car? Or maybe right away, not expecting all this, we decide to give birth to a child? Or at least we plan a future birth and begin to prepare?
[votes id \u003d "