Perinatal pathology (Greek. pen around + lat. natus birth) - pathological conditions and diseases of the fetus and newborn that arise in the perinatal period. In our country, the perinatal period is calculated from the 28th week of pregnancy (when the weight of the fetus is 1000 g or more, height is 35 cm or more), includes the period of labor and ends 168 hours after birth. According to the WHO classification adopted in a number of countries, the perinatal period begins with the 22nd week of pregnancy (when the fetal mass reaches 500 g or more). By the time of the onset, antenatal (prenatal), intranatal (arising during labor) and postnatal (postnatal), or early neonatal, pathology are allocated, according to the Internet edition for girls and women aged 14 to 35 Pannochka. net The mechanism of the development of perinatal pathology is complicated and is caused by violations of the fetoplacental blood circulation, endocrine, metabolic and immunological relationships in the mother-placenta-fetus system, as well as the effects of infectious and toxic agents penetrating the pregnant woman's body to the fetus, the features of the delivery and the degree of maturity of the fetus and newborn. Fetoplacental insufficiency during pregnancy leads to the development of chronic hypoxia, hypotrophy, functional immaturity; is accompanied by a decrease in the viability of the fetus and the possibility of developing asphyxia of the newborn, encephalo- and pneumopathy. According to various researchers, among the causes of fetal and newborn death in the perinatal period, first place is occupied by asphyxia of the newborn, the second - congenital malformations, the third - breathing disorders, intrauterine infection and intracranial birth injury.

The development of perinatal pathology is facilitated by the pathological course of pregnancy (the threat of miscarriage, miscarriage, overtaxation, late toxicosis of pregnant women) and the pathological course of labor (fast and prolonged labor, premature birth of amniotic fluid, fetal presentation anomaly, umbilical pathology and placenta in labor, untimely or traumatic surgical deliveries of interventions). Pathology in childbirth causes the development of birth trauma and asphyxia of the newborn.

Among the factors leading to the pathology and death of the fetus before delivery (in the period after 28 weeks), the main ones are toxicosis of the second half of pregnancy, Rh-conflict and pregnancy delay. Toxicoses of pregnant women affect the occurrence of embryopathies and fetopathies.

With complicated pregnancy (extragenital diseases, late toxicosis of pregnant women, pregnancy delay), the fetus often experiences oxygen deficiency, metabolic disturbances and changes in water-salt metabolism are observed. When pregnancy is delayed, the changes in water-salt metabolism in the form of hyperkalemia and exsiccosis prevail in newborns during the adaptation period. In children born to women with heart defects and late toxicosis of pregnant women, metabolic acidosis, hypoproteinemia with a decrease in the blood levels of albumins and globulins. In the presence of diabetes mellitus, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders in a newborn are possible, and the observed hypoglycemia is accompanied by high protein catabolism, which leads to hypoproteinemia and changes in water-salt metabolism.

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