Extrusion of ducts (periductal mastitis, kamadomastitis, plasma cell mastitis) is a progressive expansion of the ducts of the mammary gland. Clinically, a limited compaction is often found, which exists for a fairly long time, then increasing or decreasing in size. Occasionally, all the glands are enlarged, the skin over it is hyperimposed, the nipple is drawn in, the creamy masses of gray or brown color are allocated from the nipple. Axillary lymph nodes are enlarged. The changes are very similar to the pattern of edematous-infiltrative form of cancer.

Macroscopically in the mammary gland are visible enlarged flagellate ducts, of which, under pressure, semi-liquid grayish masses. The picture resembles that of acne-like cancer, but in the latter case, denser, crumbling masses are allocated and a sharp compaction of the tissue is noted around the ducts - in contrast to the ectasia of the ducts, when the surrounding ductal tissue of the mammary gland is soft-elastic. Microscopically visible enlarged ducts lined with pyknotic epithelium or vacuolated cells. Often they are listened to and look like little-needles among the crystals of cholesterol and amorphous masses. Around the dilated ducts, dense focal lymphoplasmocellular infiltrates.

Sometimes the epithelial lining is destroyed, and the contents of the ducts enter the breast tissue, causing aseptic inflammation with the formation of granulomas, containing xanthomous cells, macrophages, giant multinuclear cells, resorption of foreign bodies. In addition, the stroma around the ducts can be sclerosed. In the study of urgent biopsies, the above picture can cause certain difficulties for differential diagnosis with acne-shaped protocol cancer, in which clear focuses of necrosis. In some cases, ectasia of the ducts is combined with foci of fibrocystic disease.

Inflammatory pseudotumours are changes in the nodular character that arise in the mammary gland as a result of injuries, the introduction of foreign body (plastic), the local infectious process. Sometimes it is noted that the skin is pulled over the knot or fused with the skin, which imitates a picture of cancer. Macroscopically found out focal seals of a yellowish-gray color without clear boundaries. Microscopically they are represented by a granulation tissue with a predominance of xantom cells, giant multinuclear elements are encountered, formation of scar tissue.

Hamartoma - a well-delimited from the surrounding tissue tissue, in which the typical lobules and ducts of the mammary gland are determined in an unusual combination with fibrous and fatty tissue, sometimes with a significant admixture of small vessels. Formations with a large amount of adipose tissue are called adenolipomas.

Gynecomastia - an increase in the mammary glands in men with the identification in them of nodal seals represented by microscopically dilated ducts lined with double-row epithelium, sometimes with its proliferation and the formation of small papillae. Epithelium often apocrinized. The ducts lie in a loose myxomatous stroma. There are foci of expressed proliferation of the epithelium with the formation of foci of atypical ductal or lobular hyperplasia, areas: sclerosing adenosis and fibroadenoma. On the background of gynecomastia can develop cancer, no more than 1% of cases.

Among other tumor-like lesions, mention should also be made of the so-called juvenile hyperplasia of the mammary glands. It can be one-and two-sided, leading to macromastia, when the mass of the gland reaches several kilograms. Macroscopically, the gland is represented by a rather loose white tissue, sometimes delineated areas are identified by the type of fibroadenoma. Microscopically, there is a predominance of loose myxomatous connective tissue with foci of adenosis or fibroadenoma structures.

Diffuse mammary gland hyperplasia, characteristic of pregnant women, is sometimes found in women outside of pregnancy, in such cases, focal hyperplasia often occurs, usually associated with the use of hormones or tranquilizers. Sometimes after lactation in the mammary glands, an asynchronous involution is noted, characterized by the appearance of localized tumor-like formations.

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